Health Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Health Policy - Essay Example Despite the fact that the National Health Service was initially designed to be entirely financed through public taxation, changes began taking place in 1952 when prescription charges of  £ 1 for ordinary dental treatment were introduced (NHS, 2011). The charges were however abolished in 1965, only to be reintroduced in 1968. The first restructuring took place in 1974 when fourteen Regional Health Authorities, and nineteen new Area Health Authorities were established (Mercier, 1997). Mercier points out that â€Å"community health care services which had previously been managed by local government were also transferred to the responsibility of the NHS by the 1974 reforms† (1997, pp. 22-23). Further restructuring took place in 1982, when heath costs hugely escalated prompting the Conservative government to change the culture of the National Health Service management, by encouraging the use of nursing homes and private hospitals to patients. For the first time since the introduction of the National Health System, tenders for different tasks were issued to private firms in order to support the health authorities in managing some departments of the health service. However, there was a lot of dissatisfaction with the management style, and this led to the appointment of general managers at all levels of the health service system. An advisory board was also established and various other officials appointed to oversee the affairs of the NHS. Other substantial restructurings and developments have taken place leading to the passing of the Health and Social Care Act in 2012. In 2004, the first NHS foundation trusts were established as autonomous National Health Service providers (Great Britain National Audit Office 2011). A re-launch of the foundation trusts process was announced by the United Kingdom government in July 2010 in a white paper named Equity and Excellence: Liberating the NHS. After the publication of

Respect Education Essay Example for Free

Respect Education Essay Treating people with respect makes your world a nice place to live in, whether it’s at home, at school, or out in your community. And it’s easy-all you have to do is treat people the way you like to have them treat you. Respect is an important thing to give and to receive. Respect shows that you think that the other person has value and that you want to show them that. Education is so important because it is the key to a persons future. If you have a good education it will help you to achieve all types of goals. Respect plays a huge role in our everyday lives. You may not notice it, but that’s only because they are being respectful to you. If you’re not respectful then you will be disrespected because you’re being mean. So you should always be respectful to others so they will treat you the way you want to be treated. A liberal education is at the heart of a civil society, and at the heart of a liberal education is the act of teaching. Education is the key to unlock the golden door of freedom. To get freedom you need education, to get education you need to learn how to respect. To respect you need to educate yourself. Respect in the education aspect of society is important because relationship between students and teachers, relationship between peers, and relationship between school. The secret in education lies in respecting the relationship between students and teachers. A student-teacher relationship is very important. The best teachers genuinely care about their students. They care about passing on their martial art right, not just going through the schedule and collecting the tuition. Respect plays a huge factor in this. A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops. When a teacher respects himself and the martial arts he teaches, his/her students will learn to respect them as well. It’s no use if the teacher was a skilled martial artist but lacks patience, open mindedness, communication skills, a positive attitude, and respect must be mutual. Students, likewise, need to appreciate the time and effort their teachers put into train them and not take their teachers for granted. The student must respect his/her teacher and hold him/her in the highest esteem, for this is a necessary prerequisite to accepting his/her advice. The student must trust the teachers concern. The students must commit him/her to following the instruction with utmost discipline, for only then can the intended effect be realized. The teacher also has some responsibility toward students. The first is fulfillment of the prerequisite of getting to know his/her students individually, to probe the innermost depths of their hearts as well as examining the outer details of their lives. A teacher must express love and affection toward his/her students. A teacher must take time to reflect upon his/her students’ progress, refining and adjusting his/her vision of how best to influence them toward positive change. You can teach a student a lesson for a day; but if you can teach him to learn by creating curiosity, he will continue the learning process as long as he lives. Friends are important in educational outcomes; most people agree that friends matter-not just for personal wellbeing but for achieving their goals in life. Several studies have shown this to be particularly. The case in education but the detection and measure of such peers effects is often found wanting. Using detailed information on friendship not works of American high-school students; this column finds that the friends we make at age 15 to 18 have a strong and persistent effect on our lives. Each student influences his/her classmates not only through knowledge spillovers and how teachers respond to students, but also in how he/she affects classroom standards. Less disciplined students are more likely to disrupt his/her classmates, forcing the teacher to devote more time in class to disciplining rather than transmitting knowledge. Therefore a student’s performance in school may be influenced by the characteristics and behavior of his/her peers. If these peers’ group effects are substantial, government policy may exploit them by optimally grouping students in different classrooms to achieve desired socioeconomic outcomes. He, who opens a school door, closes a prison. School maybe hard, annoying, and irritating, but admit it, you’re going to miss it when it ends. A school should not be a preparation for life. A school should be life. Relationship between schools is important because it affects respect in the education. God made the Idiot for practice, and then He made the School Board. A sustainable, positive school climate fosters youth development and learning necessary for a productive, contributive, and satisfying life in a democratic society. This climate includes norms, vales, and expectations that support people feeling socially, emotionally and physically safe. People are engaged and respected. Students, families, and educators work together to develop, live, and contribute to a shared school vision. Educators model and nurture an attitude that emphasizes that benefit of, and satisfaction from, learning. Each person contributes to the operations of the school as well as the care of the physical environment. However, there is a great deal of research that shows that many students do not feel physically and emotionally safe in schools. For example, a study forward evidence that high school students are fearful about going to school because of the violence and personal victimization some of them experience during the school day. Remember the philosophy of the school room in one generation will be the philosophy of government in the next. Respect, respect others, and respect yourself, respect school, Respect old people: they graduated high school without Google or Wikipedia!

Free Richard III Essays: The Seduction of Lady Anne :: Richard II Richard III Essays

Richard III and The Seduction of Lady Anne Richard, Duke of Gloucester, is a great seducer. However, it is easier when the seducee is rather frail in mind and heart, as I believe was the case with Lady Anne. Perhaps Lady Anne's ego was as much engaged as her anger was initially. Gloucester chips away at her resolve masterfully, but let's look at the facts. She knows that Gloucester killed her husband and her father-in-law. This fact is undisputed (within the play). Gloucester admits both murders to her saying, "[y]our beauty was the cause of that effect [the murders]" (I.ii.121). Her father-in-law's corpse is lying just feet away. Yet in under two hundred lines, Anne goes from calling him a "black magician" and "foul devil" to accepting his ring (I.ii.34; I.ii.50). This is quite a turnaround. She could have walked away but she was more intrigued or flattered than angered or humiliated. Richard uses flattery to woo her. He repeatedly tells her that he killed her husband and father-in-law to be able to "spend one hour in [her] sweet bosom" (I.ii.124). Gloucester goes on to tell her that "He lives, that loves thee better than he [Edward] could" (I.ii.141), meaning that Gloucester loves her better than her husband did. After she spits on him, he calls it (the spit), "poison from so sweet a place" (I.ii.146). Gloucester is unrelenting in his flatteries and she does not walk away. The most remarkable portion of this scene is when Gloucester bares his chest and hands his sword over to Anne to kill him and asks her to end his pain if she won't have him. She starts for him with the sword, but drops it when he tells her that "twas thy heavenly face that set me on [to kill her husband]" (I.ii.182). He then offers to turn the sword on himself. Within a few seconds, she goes from raising his own sword to him, to weakly replying, "I would I knew thy heart" (I.ii.192). She still questions his motives, but Gloucester has clearly already won her and slips a ring on her finger. It is little wonder that Gloucester brags to himself of this conquest. Her father-in-law's corpse is barely cold and she has accepted Gloucester as her next husband.

Movie: The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating The Performance Of A Government :: essays research papers

Movie: The Caine Mutiny - Evaluating the Performance of a Government Governments are an essential and important part to our everyday life, and without, there would be no control or leadership. Governments are sanctioned to constitute and systemize the interrelationships of the people with their divisional bounds, the relations of the people of the community as a whole, and the arrangements of the community with other political entities. In the movie, "The Caine Mutiny", a form of government plays an important role to everybody aboard the ship. There were certain hardships with the configuration of the government, and in this case, the government was the captain. Although the captain didn't go directly against the Naval Regulations, the crew thought that he was incapable of holding this position as captain. With all of this happening, it was hard for the sailors aboard the ship to appreciate the form of government and their leader. The constitution for many countries, hold the rules (may be written, or not written) to which a government must obey. In this scenario, the Naval Regulations were intended to be followed upon and consented to. If a government is fulfilling its basic functions, then it is properly following the constitution, but if it isn't ensuing the constitution, then the fundamental purposes aren't being achieved. Within the constitution, there is power granted to impeach the leader if he/she is not implementing their primary services. In the movie, we see captain Queeg as one who is incompetent of achieving his job as the leader. Captain Queeg can be easily compared with Charles III—king of England during the Revolutionary War. He was old, and powerful, and with authority, but also wrong. Captain's new position angered many sailors aboard the old battle ship with his strict and reserved mannerisms, and the way he handled many situations gave the sailors fair reason to be easily infuriated. Overall Queeg portrayed a very futile leader as head of the government on the ship. There are many possible risks that one can come upon if they decide to change governments. There is always the risk of a failed government which could be at the worst disadvantage to anyone and everyone. Once a government fails, it can easily be trampled over and picked upon by another country. The power can be lost by everyone in their country and can be difficult to gain back. The change in governments can also effect the people of the country, because it will most likely be at a disadvantage to some people because not everyone is easily satisfied. The support of people in a country can readily be lost and gone

Belonging Pactise Essay

For a person to belong into a certain group, class or society, they must learn to fit in with that certain group, class or society and learn the rituals, language, behaviour responsibilities and culture. The sense of belonging to one of these social groups gives one a sense of belonging, and cancels out the feeling of exclusion and isolation. The journey into fitting into these groups can be a challenging task, which involves class clashes and other obstacles. Through the study of Educating Rita, we see the benefits of belonging, but contrasting them with the negatives in belonging. In order to fit in to a new class, one must learn the aspirations, culture, interests and language, otherwise they will not be able to communicate and feel the sense of belonging to the new class. In Educating Rita, the struggle Rita goes through in order to transforms her old self, into a new and improved Rita, shows us that in order to belong to a social class one must first have self-actualization, knowing what their purpose and aspirations are in life, in order to pursue the correct class for them. This is the problem that Rita has from the beginning of the play, the lack of self-actualization causes her the excessive want to change and to fit into the higher social class. Rita’s epiphany only comes towards the end of the play, but the struggles and obstacles that lead to the epiphany show us the importance of self-actualization. Throughout the play, we can clearly outline the differences between the two social classes, the working-class and the middle-class. These differences in language, culture, aspirations and rituals cause the obstacles to fit in. The task that Rita is pursuing is a very challenging one, that may not even be achieved. From the beginning of the play we see the struggles she is going to have, when she struggles to open the door. This is symbolic to the struggles and obstacles she will face during the process of trying to belong. The difference between language and education is shown when Frank is discussing the book Howard’s End, and Rita’s lack of education leads to the misunderstanding of the book’s title, and mocks the pun. The ambition and desire to belong into the higher social class is caused because of the lack of self-actualization. When Frank asks Rita why she has enrolled into the class, she answer, â€Å"I wanna know†¦ Everything†, this shows her lack of understanding about her own ambitions and aspirations, and shows that she is still looking for something to fulfil and enrich her life. The disproportionate use of tag questions suggests Rita’s lack of confidence, which reflects on her lack of self-actualization.

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay Example Animal Farm by George Orwell Paper Animal Farm by George Orwell Paper Essay Topic: Animal Farm George orwell Literature 1. We have chosen Commandment 7, All Animals are Equal 2. The reasoning behind the commandment is the animals were cruelly dictated by Mr Jones. The ideal that Old Major portrayed was of a Farm run solely by animals for animals that were part of a Democracy. Evidence is on page 6 in both Longman and Penguin version, where it states in Old Majors Speech no animal must ever tyrannize over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers. Further on in the story, Napoleon tyrannizes all of the farm animals. He kills ruthlessly with no reasoning and makes every animal that is not a pig or dog to slave over the labours of building the windmill with less food than in Jones days of dictatorship. 3. Early warning signs that the pigs are starting to manipulate the Commandment for their own ends can be found at the beginning of chapter three, page 16 in Longman version and page in Penguin. It reads The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others. This shows that the pigs were already forming a hierarchy of importance. They tell the other animals what to do and the animals do as they were told due to their slave mentality. Another example of the pigs making decisions without consulting the other animals is when the pigs steal the milk and apples. The pigs put themselves above the rest of the animals so they can get what they want. On page 22 in the Longman version and page in Penguin; it reads,Our sole object in taking these things is to preserve our health. Milk and apples contain substances absolutely necessary to the well being of pigs. We pigs are brain-workers. The whole management and organization of this farm depends on us. All of which implies that they are the only reason that the farm has not been taken over by Mr Jones once more. Also it is the pigs that decide upon the final line up of commandments, not anyone else. There was no vote just a decision. It states on page 15 in both Longman and Penguin, The pigs had succeeded in reducing the principles of Animalism to Seven Commandments. 4. By the pigs continually bending and breaking the All animals are equal commandment we can tell about their character that they are dictators, greedy, selfish and believe that they are better and more worthy of power and control over the farm than anyone else due to their superior intelligence over the rest of the animals. Domineering personalities take advantage of the other hardworking and diligent animals of the farm. The pigs motives are not of Animalism, but of pure superiority over everything in their reach, which is the farm. Their plans for the future are of the farm being run by them, but all the hard work being done by the other animals of the farm. They want the farm to be the most profitable out of the farms, particularly those run be Pilkington and Frederick. An example of the pigs urge for superiority is evident particularly between Snowball and Napoleon. When they present their speeches about campaigns they are very competitive. When Napoleon knows that Snowball has the upper hand in speeches, leading to Snowball to be in power, Napoleon exiles him from the farm with the savage force of nine dogs, which nearly kill him. This happens on pages 32 33 in the Longman version and on pages in the Penguin version. 5. After the exile of Snowball, during Sunday ceremony, the pigs and dogs are on the platform and everyone else is on the ground. This is an image which portrays the hierarchy of the farm; pigs and dogs at the top, and the other animals at the bottom. Squealer explanation for the reasoning behind the events was that Snowball was a dangerous character and a bad influence and called Napoleons change of heart over the windmill Tactics, The animals were not certain what the word meant but Squealer spoke so persuasively, and the three dogs who happened to be with him growled so threateningly, that they accepted his explanation without further question. This happens on pages 36 37 in the Longman version and pages 38 39 in the Penguin version. This pattern of questioning from the other animals then being silenced by Squealers persuasive reasoning, and a mixture of fear from the savage dogs capability of killing them violently, silences all of the animals doubts and any chance of revolting against the tyrant Napoleon occurs time and time again. If only they pushed on questioning the pigs they would be free from Napoleons rule, but it doesnt happen. 6. The wording of the Commandment on the barn wall is altered to allow for the pigs corruption from All animals are Equal to All animals are Equal but some Animals are more Equal than others. This change occurs in chapter 10 page 83 in the Longman version and page 90 in the Penguin version. 7. Further evidence related to the reason behind the commandment can be found on page 5 in the Longman version and page in the Penguin version. It states, Never listen when they tell you that man and the animals have a common interest, that the prosperity of the one is the prosperity of the others. It is all lies. This paragraph, from Old Majors speech, is where the commandment originates. The message from this part of his speech indicates the possible outcome of dictatorship that may arise among the animals if the rebellion is a success. Old Major is warning them that the rebellion will bring conflict and if they are to make it a success they must always be united as one in a democracy and oppose any kind of control. Also in the event that dictatorship does take place on the farm, everything they say will benefit them in someway and will lie to get the others support.

The eNotes Blog The Town of Books Dont Even Ask AboutWiFi

The Town of Books Dont Even Ask AboutWiFi The Kingdom of Hay, in Wales, is more than just a little unique.   The entire kingdom is comprised of just 1,500 people but it boasts a whopping thirty second hand book stores thats one bookstore for every fifty people! Since 1960, the town has accepted used and discarded books and proudly calls itself   The Town of Books.   Kindles and their ilk, as you can see above, are not welcome. The small hamlet lies on the border between England and Wales. Every year, to celebrate its love of books, Hay-on-Wye (its official name) hosts a literary festival dubbed The Woodstock of the Mind. The town began its transformation to   a book haven in the mid-1960s   when one of its residents, Richard Booth, decided to start buying   books from libraries that were closing, both in the United States and Europe, and shipping them back to Hay-on-Wye. It didnt take long to amass thousands of used books. Soon, the town had a booming  secondhand book scene. In 1988, the town hosted its first festival. In the intervening twenty-five years, the festival has grown in size and regularly attracts names not only in literature but also from science, and, gasp! technology, although those technophiles had better beware. (This year, Googles Eric Schmidt was in attendance.) The towns Prince   Derek Fitz-Pitt Booth Addyman warns, People are smuggling e-readers into Hay-on-Wye, but I should make them aware that we are training poodle sniffer dogs to find them. Probably a joke but If you are getting ready to pack your bags for this years ten day festival, better hold on. Unfortunately, the festival has just concluded. 2014s Hay Festival runs from May 22 June 1, 2014. (Source)

Using the French Expression Bien Sûr

Using the French Expression Bien Sà »r Bien sà »r,  pronounced  byeh(n) soor, is an adverb that means literally very sure, but in everyday use, this French phrase  has come to mean of course and certainly. It is one of the most common idiomatic expressions in the French language, and other European speakers have informally adopted it as well. There are also more colloquial translations of  bien sà »r  that reveal its  versatility. These include: Oh yes  Sure I will  Of course, we do  Sure  Sure thing  By all meansYes indeed  I sure will Bien Sà »r as a Response The French expression bien sà »r  is most often used as a stand-alone response to a question or statement: Est-ce que tu viens la fà ªte ?   Are you coming to the party?Bien sà »r !   Of course! Un moment, sil vous plaà ®t.   Just a moment, please.Bien sà »r.   Of course. Tu me donnes mon stylo ?   Can you give me my pen?Bien  sà »r, voici.   Sure, here it is. Bien Sà »r as a Link ​Bien sà »r can link clauses and ideas: Jai besoin de ton assistance, et bien sà »r je te payerai.   I need your help, and of course Ill pay you. Nous allons visiter le monument franà §ais le plus cà ©là ¨bre, je parle bien sà »r de la tour Eiffel.   Were going to visit the most famous French monument; Im speaking of course about the Eiffel Tower. The Ironic Bien Sà »r The phrase can also be used ironically: Je meurs de faim, et bien sà »r jai oublià © mon portefeuille.   Im starving  and of course I forgot my wallet. Nous sommes pressà ©s, et Lise est en retard, bien sà »r.   We in a hurry, and Lise, of course, is running late. Bien Sà »r Que Oui / Bien Sà »r Que Non Bien sà »r can be followed by que oui to be even more emphatic (of course yes)  or que non  (of course not): Tu le veux ?   Do you want it?Bien sà »r que oui.   I certainly do. / Of course I do. Ne vas-tu pas y aller ? Arent you going to go?Bien sà »r que non.   Of course not. The Conjunctive  Bien Sà »r Que Bien sà »r can also be followed by que plus a subordinate clause.  Bien  sà »r  que  functions as a conjunction: Bien sà »r quil va luniversità ©.   Of course hes going to college. Bien sà »r que nous mangerons ensemble.   Of course well eat together. Bien sà »r quelle navait rien compris  !   Of course, she hadnt understood a thing! Synonyms of Bien Sà »r bien entendu  Ã‚  of course, certainlymais oui, bien sà »r   yes, of coursecertainement  Ã‚  certainlycertes  Ã‚  certainly, admittedly, of courseà ©videmment  Ã‚  obviouslyforcà ©ment  Ã‚  necessarily, inevitablynaturellement  Ã‚  naturally, of course

IT in Supply Chain Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IT in Supply Chain Management - Essay Example The traditional supply chain had limitations caused by power structures, limited information processing ability, and limited coordination and communication paths (Christiaanse & Kumar, 2000). Today organizations are facing complex changes to combat which Mutsaers, Zee and Giertz (1998) proposed the Nolan and Crosson six-stage model. it has become essential for organizations to be flexible and deliver a wide and changing variety of products. This requires a shift from â€Å"make and sell† approach to an externally-oriented â€Å"sense and respond† structure. This in turn implies the need for real time information. Real time information can be feasible only with the application of information technology in the different processes and functions. To meet the changing market requirements, companies have decentralized their value-adding activities by outsourcing and developing virtual enterprises (Gunasekaran & Ngai, 2004). All these highlight the importance of integrating IT with supply chain partners in the virtual enterprise or the supply chain. Demand for new information services like query processing, knowledge sharing and data mining led to the extension of information system engineering to support new, flexible software architecture so that the information system could contain new as well as legacy data and software components (Mylopoulos, 1998). IT has been recognized as a critical factor in the supply chain as they have demonstrated positive contribution to the performance of the firm and the supply chain (Jin, 2006). Technology is essential as it provides direction to the procurement, production and supplies strategies. When suppliers are able to meet customer demands compatibility of exchanges has occurred (Halley & Nollet, 2002). Success of incorporating technology depends upon the personnel’s ability to extract information (Lin & Tseng, 2006). Hence firms rely on technology to increases the flow of information across organizational boundaries and

Developments in the 19th Century that Drove the Shifts in Imperial Research Paper

Developments in the 19th Century that Drove the Shifts in Imperial Policies and Practices of European Empires during New Imperia - Research Paper Example Amongst others, these shifts included the moving away from the economic doctrine of mercantilism that focused on the expansion of trade and markets through strategic control of ports towards the establishment of large scale, formal empires by way of aggressive internal penetration of territory and the exercising of control over the geography and population in those territories. We need only a glimpse at a few statistics to see that these shifts had remarkable consequences. According to Daniel R. Headrick- professor of social sciences at Roosevelt University and author of The Tools of Empire- â€Å"in the year 1800 Europeans occupied or controlled thirty-five percent of the land surface of the world; by 1878 this figure had risen to sixty-seven percent, and by 1914 over eighty-four percent of the world’s land area was European-dominated. ‘The British Empire alone,† Headrick continues, â€Å"already formidable in 1800†¦ increased it’s land area sevenfol d and its population twentyfold in the following hundred years†.1 However, these shifts were not simply coincidental. In fact, the changes in the imperial policies of the Europeans during the era of â€Å"New Imperialism† were driven by two major nineteenth century developments: the second industrial revolution, and the emergence of a pack of European nation states. Main Body Imperialism, as defined by the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, is â€Å"the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation†¦ over the political or economic life of other areas†2 To put this in simple terms, imperialism is the acquisition and buildup of territory and capital. However, the Merriam-Webster definition does not quite pin the proverbial tail on the donkey, for it lacks one key component of imperialism: what is the justification for this said extension of power? According to Edward Said- former professor of English and comparative literature at Colum bia University and author of Culture and Imperialism- the acts â€Å"of accumulation and acquisition†¦ are supported and perhaps even impelled by impressive ideological formations that include notions that certain territories and people require and beseech domination, as well as forms of knowledge associated with domination†.3 Thus, the working definition for Imperialism from here on out is the combination of two previous definitions, which goes as follows: the policy, practice, or advocacy of extending the power and dominion of a nation†¦ over the political or economic life others, which is supported and perhaps even impelled by impressive ideological formations that include notions that certain territories and people require and beseech domination, as well as forms of knowledge associated with domination.   New imperialism cannot be said to be only the policies of the elite because it was greatly supported by the lower classes in Europe. The main aspect of the c ulture of imperialism was the feeling of superiority amongst white Europeans. Many people had such perceptions because of being bound by Christianity and they believed that there was nothing wrong in forcibly Christianizing the conquered societies, which they believed was the main motive of imperial missions. Some viewed imperialistic aspirations from a secular perspective, while some followed Darwinian concepts in upholding their

A literature review on Capital Investment Decisions Essay

A literature review on Capital Investment Decisions - Essay Example Some experienced investors feel that while making investments decisions it is very important to have a personal involvement rather than admitting a broker. The Global Investment Institute [2007] observes that relying on brokers will lack attention towards the account section, which seems to help a lot in increasing the returns of investments. In addition to that it says, â€Å"You need to become familiar with each stock you have in your portfolio so that you can make decisions on your own in the short-term, while still relying upon your financial advisor to structure your portfolio with a mix of the right instruments (stocks, bonds, money market, etc.) to help you make money in the long run†.Global-Investment-institute.com [2007]. Investment decision making is not an easy job, as the people involved in decision-making process have to calculate the previous income statements of the company or business is addition to evaluating all the accounts report and statistical details of the profit and loss of the company. Capital investments decisions have to be prepared relying on the returns and analysing whether the investment would be profitable. However, they are found to be useful in terms of â€Å"formulating long term goals†, â€Å"recognition of statistically dependent proposals†, â€Å"estimation and forecasting of current and future cash flows† etc observes [fao.org 2007] in addition to this fao.org initiates the economic evaluation of the investment proposals as another important aspect of investment decision making. The investment alternatives also have to be considered in order to make the decision in a profitable way. The investment analysis plays a very important role as a precautionary step in decision-making as there appears to be risks in returns, which would be acting as a major drawback in the financial conditions of a business or a company. There are instances of wrong decision-making in which there might be either lack of organised

An Investigation into the Factors that Impact on the Retention of Dissertation

An Investigation into the Factors that Impact on the Retention of Generation Y Workers in Nestle South Africa - Dissertation Example 89). Other terms have been used synonymously to pertain to the same group, such as â€Å"Millenials†, â€Å"Echo-Boomers†, or the â€Å"iGeneration†. These young individuals possess a set of common characteristics and expectations distinct from older generations who have preceded them. This generation can create considerable impact both as employees and consumers, meriting an investigation of the factors that influence their cognition, affect, and behaviours at work. The Nestle brand has continuously created an extensive range of products with superior quality, targeted towards consumers at a global scale. The multinational organisation, has been acknowledged internationally, owing to their research and development capabilities, geographic presence, and the premium that they place on their employees and their culture. Over 3,300 employees work for Nestle, 82% of whom are Black and 32% being females. Because of the organisation’s concern towards enhancing e mployee performance and well-being, Nestle has devised employee assistance programs that promote emotional and psychological support and financial stability, among others, towards maintaining employee wellness and effectively reducing employee turnover. Owing to the substantial influence of Generation Y employees on achieving the organisational bottomlines, the current research aims to ascertain the factors that influence their retention. ... Individuals who have grown up at different periods of time are likely to be characterized by a unique set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and expectations which exert a significant impact on their mindsets, behaviours, and their response to the culture of the workplace they belong to. As members of Generation Y enter employment, work forces have become more generationally diverse, being composed of four generations, spanning over 60 years- the Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y (Glass, 2007, p. 98). Generation Y, which represents the latest generation to join the workforce, can be considered as the â€Å"most technically literate, educated, and ethnically diverse generation in history† (Eisner, 2005, p. 6). Gen Yers value personal development, achievement, and continual learning. There are inherent challenges in teaching and learning Generation Y employees in the contemporary workforce (Jonas-Dwyer and Pospisil, 2004). Differences exist among these ge nerations particularly as regards their preferred work culture, and such leanings are reflected in their preferred values, work styles and management (Eisner, 2005). As argued by Westerman and Yamamura (2007, p. 150), a profound understanding of work environment preferences, work motivation, and other work-related outcomes, is essential at strategizing for effective recruitment, training, retention and rewarding of the young generation. The current study thus further examines the factors that contribute to the motivation and retention of Gen Y employees in the South African context, specifically in the Nestle organisation. 1.3 The Research Problem There has been no systematic

How drugs cause crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

How drugs cause crime - Essay Example Thesis There is no evidence suggesting that crime results from the direct effects of the drugs themselves, but drug addiction leads to deviant behavior, unemployment, lack of financial resources and poverty - the direct causes of crime. The most obvious and superficial way to define crime is to say that it is the violation of regulations of society. In advanced societies which have transcribed their rules of conduct into criminal law, crime is a violation of the code. The statement is intended to show that the rules of conduct in society define and make crime. Whether society is dealing with crime in an advanced society having a written criminal code or crime in an unadvanced society having unwritten mores, it is evident that criminal behavior is a violation of the rules of the social order. Every society, through the accumulation of its heritages and culture, possesses a body of social values that are conceived to be important to its welfare. The mores define the rules of conduct so as to protect and preserve these important values (Akers and Sellers 26). Repeated use of a psychoactive substance or substances, to the extent that the user (referred to as an addict) is periodically or chronically intoxicated, shows a compulsion to take the preferred substance (or substances), has great difficulty in voluntarily ceasing or modifying substance use, and exhibits determination to obtain psychoactive substances by almost any means† (). Taking into account the psychological theory, it is possible to say that the drug addict as a degenerate and vicious criminal much given to violent crimes and sex orgies. More and more people are coming to understand the nature of opiate drugs and the meaning of addiction. Such pain-killers are the drugs of choice of most persons who are fully addicted in the sense described below (Akers and Sellers 34). This is an important point, because the continued use of these opiate-type

An Investigation into the Factors that Impact on the Retention of Dissertation

An Investigation into the Factors that Impact on the Retention of Generation Y Workers in Nestle South Africa - Dissertation Example 89). Other terms have been used synonymously to pertain to the same group, such as â€Å"Millenials†, â€Å"Echo-Boomers†, or the â€Å"iGeneration†. These young individuals possess a set of common characteristics and expectations distinct from older generations who have preceded them. This generation can create considerable impact both as employees and consumers, meriting an investigation of the factors that influence their cognition, affect, and behaviours at work. The Nestle brand has continuously created an extensive range of products with superior quality, targeted towards consumers at a global scale. The multinational organisation, has been acknowledged internationally, owing to their research and development capabilities, geographic presence, and the premium that they place on their employees and their culture. Over 3,300 employees work for Nestle, 82% of whom are Black and 32% being females. Because of the organisation’s concern towards enhancing e mployee performance and well-being, Nestle has devised employee assistance programs that promote emotional and psychological support and financial stability, among others, towards maintaining employee wellness and effectively reducing employee turnover. Owing to the substantial influence of Generation Y employees on achieving the organisational bottomlines, the current research aims to ascertain the factors that influence their retention. ... Individuals who have grown up at different periods of time are likely to be characterized by a unique set of attitudes, values, beliefs, and expectations which exert a significant impact on their mindsets, behaviours, and their response to the culture of the workplace they belong to. As members of Generation Y enter employment, work forces have become more generationally diverse, being composed of four generations, spanning over 60 years- the Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Generation Y (Glass, 2007, p. 98). Generation Y, which represents the latest generation to join the workforce, can be considered as the â€Å"most technically literate, educated, and ethnically diverse generation in history† (Eisner, 2005, p. 6). Gen Yers value personal development, achievement, and continual learning. There are inherent challenges in teaching and learning Generation Y employees in the contemporary workforce (Jonas-Dwyer and Pospisil, 2004). Differences exist among these ge nerations particularly as regards their preferred work culture, and such leanings are reflected in their preferred values, work styles and management (Eisner, 2005). As argued by Westerman and Yamamura (2007, p. 150), a profound understanding of work environment preferences, work motivation, and other work-related outcomes, is essential at strategizing for effective recruitment, training, retention and rewarding of the young generation. The current study thus further examines the factors that contribute to the motivation and retention of Gen Y employees in the South African context, specifically in the Nestle organisation. 1.3 The Research Problem There has been no systematic

Summay of articals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summay of articals - Essay Example s is necessary, but very few companies have been able to compete on the basis of operational effectiveness due to the ease of rival companies imitating management techniques and the more that rivals begin to look like one another. As a result, there is no competition and prices are static or declining. Competitive strategy is about being different from competing businesses and companies. It requires purposely picking a different set of activities to offer a unique mix of value. The majority of managers claim that their strategies are based on the needs and interests of their customers. Everything becomes based on the customer. Many businesses, such as furniture stores, movie stores, and airlines provide services that are uniquely aligned with the needs of its customers. The fundamental quality of strategy is in the activities, such as opting to execute activities differently or execute different activities compared to those of rivals. Even if a business or company picks a unique position, they are still not guaranteed a sustainable advantage. A valuable position will only attract imitation from rivals; airlines are proof of this. As such, trade-offs are used to make strategic positions more sustainable, which can also prevent companies from becoming imitators. When a trade-off is made, more of one thing necessitates less of another. There are three reasons why a company may decide to execute trade-offs and they are as follows: inconsistencies in image or reputation, activities themselves, and from limits on internal coordination and control. Trade-offs are essential to competition and strategy, and they prompt a need for choice and purposefully limit what a company has to offer. The nature of strategy is to choose what not to do. Operational effectiveness is about reaching excellence in regard to individual activities, but strategy is about combining activities. The greatest aspect of strategy involves considering a whole system of activities and not just a

Steps in Hypothesis Testing Essay Example for Free

Steps in Hypothesis Testing Essay My research topic is a correlation study between quantity of water intake and number of sleeping hours for humans. I became interested in the topic when a friend of mine shared an interesting belief of his culture that drinking too much water can upset sleep. Although this is not the exact topic that I am choosing for this study, I believe that the groundwork for that research interest is to determine whether or not the average number of glasses of water that a person drinks in a day has any relationship with that person’s average number of sleeping hours. This is data that can be collected through a survey of at least 30 respondents to make the sample large. In following the 5 steps of hypothesis testing, my null hypothesis would be that there is no significant relationship between the average number of glasses of water consumed in a day and average number of sleeping hours (H0: Ï = 0) (Lane, 2007). This implies that my alternative hypothesis is that there is a significant relationship between the said variables (H1: Ï Ã¢â€°   0).The hypothesis will be tested at a 0.05 significance level. The statistic that will be used is the Pearson r correlation coefficient which will be computed using appropriate statistical software. Its probability value will be determined and compared against the 0.05 confidence level. If the probability value exceeds the confidence level, then the null hypothesis is accepted, and we can conclude that there is no significant relationship between the average number of glasses of water consumed in a day and average number of sleeping hours. If the p-value is less than or equal to the confidence level, then the null hypothesis is rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis.   Reference Lane, D. (2007). Steps in Hypothesis Testing. Retrieved January 24, 2008 from: http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/B35642.html

The Myth Of Bigfoot

The Myth Of Bigfoot Bigfoot, is he real or is he just a myth and hoax. Some call it Bigfoot and others call it Sasquatch, but no matter what you call he is real and not just a hoax. The legend of Bigfoot goes as far back as ancient Indian tribes. There is not a lot of evidence on Bigfoots existence how ever the evidence that does exist is enough to convince people that he is real. If you dont believe in Bigfoot im not going to tell you that you are wrong, I just want to tell the other side and hopefully convince the non believers that Bigfoot is not a hoax. There are certain things that one should hear about Bigfoot before making the conclusion that he is fake. Bigfoot is just a large bipedal ape, who can be traced back to other bipedal apes who existed hundreds of years ago. The history behind Bigfoot goes back as far to Indigenous populations and ancient Indian tribes. Tribes such as the Hopis, Seeahtik, Spokane, Lokota, and tribes in Canada (just to name a few) all have stories that have been passed down that describe Hairy man like creatures. It has the same description that Bigfoot has now in the present time. They did not mistake this creature for another animal like a bear, deer, or a wolf, because they have words and stories about those as well. They also have painting that resemble a large hairy man that looks like an ape. Totem poles older than 500 years with Bigfoot creatures carved into them. The first recorded Bigfoot sighting occurred in British Columbia in 1772 from a Spanish explorer who was exploring parts of Canada. The name Bigfoot became popular in 1958 after a picture appeared in the newspaper of a man named Jerry Crew holding a plastic cast of a footprint. It was a cast of Sasquatchs foot. Due to the size of the print the media began to refer to the creature that created them as Bigfoot and the name has stuck ever since. There are people who study Bigfoot and other mysterious creatures. This field of study is called Cryptozoology, which means the study of hidden animals. They call the creatures the study cryptids These range from animals/creatures that are thought to be extinct or still walk among us. They can be animals, mammals, reptiles, insects, and even dinosaurs. Cryptozoolgy is not thought of a real field of scientific study among most of the scientific community. What is Bigfoot? Bigfoot is described as a large bipedal humanoid. Bipedal apes have existed in the past. Australopithecus is a bipedal ape that existed a few million years ago. The most well known of these is one they call Lucy and most recently Ardi. Bipedal apes have existed before and Bigfoot is a bipedal ape that exists today. Bigfoot stands between 6 and 8 feet tall and weighs between 400 and 900 pounds. Has dark brown, black, and dark reddish fur/hair. It has a pronounced brow line/ridge, large low-set forehead, and the tops of its head has a crest similar to that of a gorillas. Bigfoot is said to have an unpleasant smell. The smell is that of wet dog and skunk, its very distinct and strong smelling. Bigfoots most famous attribute is of course his big feet. His feet can range anywhere from 12-24 inches long can be up to 8 inches wide. Bigfoot is basically a large monkey or ape that has adapted to walk upright on two feet just like Australopithecus did. Bigfoot lives almost everywhere in the world. There have been sightings on every continent, except Antarctica. Sighting in every State in the US except Hawaii. A lot of sightings out of the United states mainly occur in British Columbia with 115 reported/documented sightings with the last one in February 2010. Ontario has a lot at 61 last recorded July 2009. Colorado is one of the places in the united states with a lot of sightings at 106 with last sighing in September of 2009. With most sighting in Park and Teller county. Different places around the world call Bigfoot by different names however they are all the same idea. Bigfoot /Sasquatch Is not to be confused with the Yeti, the snow monster who resides in the Himalayan mountain region. He lives in very rural areas of the world. Surrounded by trees and lots of foliage. Typically in the mountains where it is easy to find food and shelter or hide. He is thought to live in caves and structures that occur naturally in mountains and in rock structures. The same type of shelter other animals such as bears would use. He also makes nests or huts. There have been a few Bigfoot nests or huts found, and are specifically designed for a Bigfoot. They are made from branches and sticks and have an entrance that is unusually big for a human but it seemed big enough or a Bigfoot to fit and live in. They have been found in places that have no trace of a human and they way its built suggests that it was built by something larger that a human. No one can confirm what bigfoot eats since no one has had the chance to study it. But it is commonly thought that bigfoot eats whats around him. Plants, fruits, and maybe small animals like rabbits and squirrels. There is no real hard evidence of Bigfoot like bones or a body, but there are videos, pictures, footprints, hair samples, and countless number of sightings. Bigfoot footprints were the first pieces of evidence to stir up the controversy over Bigfoot. The first footprints to become widely introduced to the public were the Yeti tracks found near Mt. Everest by Eric Shipton. These tracks caused more interest in the Bigfoot tracks in North America. Some of the most famous tracks were found by a man named Jerry Crew. He was a bulldozer operator who made the cast of the footprint at Bluff Creek in 1958. He found it near the construction site at Louse Camp. A lot of these foot prints have been proven to be fake, but more often they have be proven to be unknown species. These footprints have been found all over the world. Most of these footprints can be fake or hoaxed. They are found in very remote parts of the wilderness where people dont go. It is unlikely that a person planted a fake foot print in the middle of nowhere. They are found by hikers and explorers who just happen to come upon them. It would be hard to place a footprint without making one with your own feet. Especially the Yeti track found in the Himalayas. Pictures are the most unreliable form of evidence in the Bigfoot mystery. There are tons of Bigfoot photos out there and many of them are fake. The photos can easily be manipulated or edited to resemble or make what people will say is Bigfoot. They are just an unreliable source which is not a good thing when trying to prove that Bigfoot is real. The only pictures that I and most can say are credible are pictures taken from the videos of Bigfoot. The most famous picture is taken from the 1967 video shot by Rodger Paterson. Its frame 352 the famous look back frame it shoes Bigfoot walking in front of the camera and looking back. Has not been proven to be fake or a hoax. Pictures can be misleading because a lot of them turn out to be not Bigfoot but other animals or even trees and plants. Some animals most commonly mistaken in pictures are bears and deer. They can be hidden in the background so they can be blurry and possibly resemble a Bigfoot. People often take pictures at strange cam era angles which can make things deceiving and turn what is a normal tree or animal into something that looks nothing like it. Sometimes the photographer can catch the animal in some unnatural position which leads to confusion and people saying that is a Bigfoot. Bears are commonly mistaken due to their size, shape, color, smells and the noises that they can make. Hair samples are the least common type of evidence. There have been a few samples found and only a few have been proven unknown DNA and species. Most of the time they turn out to be from another animal in the area or synthetic hair. Video evidence is the one piece of evidence that is the most controversial and the most widely recognized. There are many videos that capture Bigfoot and there are a few that have become famous around North America. Some of the videos have been proven to be fake but there are a few that have yet to be proven fake. The most famous and well known video of Bigfoot is the Paterson and Gimlin film. After the rise of Bigfoot in North America Paterson and Gimlin began to do their own research and became fascinated by Bigfoot. It was taken October 20, 1967 in Bluff Creek. Same area that the Jerry Crew foot prints had been found. In the early afternoon Paterson and Gimlin spotted what they believed to be a female Bigfoot. Patersons horse was alarmed at the sight of the creature and threw him to the ground. Patterson was an experienced horse man so he was able to quickly gain control and grab hi camera a 16mm hand-held Kodak movie camera. Patterson took 24 feet of color film footage. They esti mated the creature to be 7 feet 3 ÂÂ ½ inches tall, and weighing about 700 pounds. Left footprints 14 ÂÂ ½ long by 6 inches wide. Had made an agreement not to shoot it unless in self defense, and they also decided not to follow the Bigfoot fearing a confrontation with it and perhaps others of its kind. This film has been studied numerous amount of times and has not been proven fake. There have been attempts to recreate it and to debunk the video but no has successfully done it. Rodger Patterson died January 15, 1972 and he took it to his grave that what he saw was indeed Bigfoot. Bob Gimlin who now live in Yakima also denies that the video was a hoax and is 100% that what they saw that day was Bigfoot. The Memorial Day Bigfoot video was shot May 26, 1996 at Chopaka Lake, Okanogan County Washington. Filmed by Loir Pate while on a fishing trip. Shows Bigfoot running across a hill then disappearing behind a slop the reappearing again before disappearing behind the trees. This video has also been reviewed and studied and has also not been proven to be a hoax. It has been tested to see if a human could match the stride and the speed while running across a hill. Derek Prior a three time All-American sprinter form the University of Washington ran the same route to determine if the running speed of the creature was too fast for a human to duplicate. He was able to run the same path at 17.1 mph and a stride of 6.8 feet. The creature in the film ran about 8.53 mph and had a stride of 4.25 feet. This was calculated by using fixed objects to determine the speed. This did not prove that it was a hoax however it raised more questions about why the creature had such a short stride. One mystery is that at the end of the footage the creature appears to grow taller by 8 inches. Some experts and witness say that it was a young Bigfoot that was put on the shoulders of the larger one, why and how no one really knows why. This could also explain the short strides and slow running speed to the creature. The Paul Freeman video is one of the other most viewed and studied videos. Paul Freeman was an avid Bigfoot hunter and Cryptozoologist. He had claimed to find Bigfoot tracks with dermal ridges. The casts were convincing enough to be considered critical pieces of evidence. Studied by Grover Krantz and Jeff Meldrum of Idaho State University. On June 10, 1982 Freeman spotted a Bigfoot near Walla Walla, Washington being nearly 8 feet tall and covered in reddish brown fur. In 1994 Freeman was in the Blue Mountain regions in Oregon. It shows a Bigfoot walking in the forest through the trees. The footage is considered to be Authentic many Bigfoot enthusiasts and hunters but it is considered too low resolutions to conclusive. The thing that make this video so compelling is that Freeman says that there might be two Big feet walking around and its hard to see but you can barely pick out two shapes in the forest. This has not been proven to be two or just something else. Paul Freeman died at th e age of 59 from complications of diabetes, and he never once denied that Bigfoot wasnt real. Two other popular videos are the Harley Hoffman video and the British Columbia snow walker video. The Harley Hoffman video shows Bigfoot walking almost directly in front of the camera. Not much is known about Harley Hoffman and his video except that no one has proven that its fake and more and more people are considering this video to be the real thing. The British Columbia Snow walking video is also another video with not much information or background connected to it. It depicts a Bigfoot or walking through the snow. Not proven to be fake but is another video where the resolution is too low quality to determine much. The three videos that in my mind are 100% real and not hoaxed are Paterson and Gimlim film, the Memorial Day footage, and the Paul Freeman video. None of these videos have been proven fake. Video is the best evidence there is to back up the statement that bigfoot is real. Foot prints and hair samples are also big pieces of evidence to consider in the mystery of Bigfoot . All of this evidence can be hoaxed from videos to foot prints, so why do people do this. Some do it just to make a point in saying that you are wrong for believing it. Some think that they can just make a buck off it and want to try to become famous. Many people have a hard time believing in Bigfoot saying that it is impossible for it to survive in the regions it lives in. Some people even take bones that were from Baboons and Gorillas and claim it was form a Bigfoot. People who dont believe in the theory of evolution have a very hard time believing that there is a bipedal human like ape walking among us. Do gorillas live in the jungle? Yes they do , so why cant another ape like creature live in the woods and forests around the world? We know that gorillas exist and we know that chimpanzees can walk on two feet sometimes. To put it in easiest way possible, Bigfoot or Sasquatch is just another species of monkey who can walk on two feet just like Australopithecus and homo-sapiens that lives in the dense wooded areas of our mountains and forests. It is just a species of animal that is hard to study because it is so elusive. There are new species of animal that we have yet to discover and every once in a while a new one turns up and Bigfoot is one of those rare species that no one knows much about. People are afraid of the unknown. Bigfoot or Sasquatch is an ape like creature who is not a myth it is real and

Coopers Chingachgook :: essays papers

Coopers Chingachgook The Death of Chingachgook as the Apogee of the tragedy of the Indian Nation in Cooper^s The Pioneers The Pioneers, written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1823 opens the popular series of books about the adventures of an inhabitant of the New England forests Natty Bampo ^ a white man, a scout, and a hunter. However, the novelist does not merely narrate the life of Natty, his main aim is to present the whole situation on the Eastern Coast of America in the seventeenth century. In The Pioneers, in particular, Cooper writes about the new settlers in America, about their conquest of the lands, and about the tragic extinction of the Indian people, who had been proud owners of the lands of America. One of the most important moments in this book, and even in the whole cycle, is the scene of the death of Natty Bampo^s best friend Chingachgook, the last representative of the Indian tribe of Mohicans. In this scene the author presents his most important ideas about the vices of the new settlers, hypocrisy of Christianity, and the tragedy of the native inhabitants of the American lands. C! ooper actually makes the death of the Mohican sound as a final chord in the calamitous history of the Indian people, who under the onslaught of European civilization are doomed to disappear. He makes the dying Indian chief a symbol for his perishing nation, presenting him at the last minutes of his life in his national costume and believing in the Indian morals and gods. Moreover, by misspelling his name on the gravestone, Cooper redoubles the tragic implication that after the death of Chingachgook his culture is forgotten and lost, and a meaningful Indian name loses its importance for the white people who come to live in the formally Indian forests. Towards the end of The Pioneers the tragic story about the Indians who were expelled from their lands by the white Europeans, reaches its apogee. The scene of the Chingachgook^s dying is full of sadness, pain, and hopelessness. In a very meaningful way Cooper presents his Indian hero on the threshold of death, sitting "on a trunk of a fallen oak" (p.381). Thus he hints at the identity between the old chief and the tree, implying that once young and strong they both are now old and lifeless. Moreover, as the fallen tree is now disconnected from the company of the strong young forest mates, thus also Chingachgook with his "tawny visage" (p.381) is lonely among the liveliness of the newly established colonies. So Cooper writes that in place of the once virgin forests where the

Nineteen Eighty-Four, George Orwell :: essays research papers fc

Topic 1: What warning does the novel carry for readers at this point in time about where their society is heading? Introduction NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR’s society carries a warning to our society about where we might be heading. However I believe that we are already at a parallel with the society in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . Taking the focus of the media it becomes very clear that our society is very similar to the one in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR if to a lesser extent. Looking at the media shows that the media have control over what we know and therefore what we think. Therefore who ever controls the media controls our thoughts, both here and in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . By showing the similarities between NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR and our world through the media it becomes clear that our society is very closely related to that of NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . Control of our knowledge The media controls our knowledge of the outside world. If we don’t listen to the news we don’t find out what is happening in other countries. The media can be very selective about what stories they broadcast; they will broadcast the news that they think the public will want to hear. An example of this in our world was the September 11 attacks. We heard lots of news about how approximately 7000 people died but we didn’t hear about: o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The floods in India which killed thousands of people o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 32700(approx) people who died from hunger and curable diseases on September 11. In NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR Ingsoc controls the media. They decide what the people need to know and so effectively control their knowledge. If the party says that Oceania is at war with Eastasia then for all the people know it is. This is also true if the party says that Oceania is at war with Eurasia. Effectively the media controls our knowledge – we know what they choose to broadcast. Control of media Every media group is controlled by somebody. Whoever controls it controls what is broadcast to the public. The extreme case of this is in NINETEEN EIGHTY-FOUR . The party controls the media and so all stories go through them. They broadcast what they think it is necessary for the people to know and that is the end of the story. The party is basically the media and everything they say is always correct. If it turns out to be incorrect they change their records so that it is correct.

Geography essay †earthquakes Essay

At a conservative margin two plates try to slide past each other slowly. Quite often, the two plates stick and pressure builds up; the release of this pressure creates a severe earthquake. There are no volcanic eruptions along conservative plate margins because the crust is neither being created nor destroyed. The classic example of a conservative plate margin is the San Andreas Fault in California. The North American and Pacific Plates are moving past each other at this margin, which is the location of many earthquakes. These earthquakes are caused by the accumulation and release of strain as the two plates slide past each other. The vast majority of Earthquakes occur along plate margins. In fact the locations of the earthquakes and the kind of ruptures they produce help scientists define the plate margin. Many earthquakes form a narrow spread at some plate margins than others; generally speaking, the earthquakes at destructive plate margins have a greater spread and therefore affect more places than at conservative plate margins. According to plate tectonic theory, huge slabs of plates are in constant movement caused by convection currents, a lot of pressure builds up at the plate margins, which when released causes a sudden jolt or earthquake. This accounts for a large number of earthquakes that occur at plate margins. The fact that the most deadly earthquakes occur at destructive/transform plate margins suggests that greater pressure builds up than at constructive plate margins. Earthquakes are probably the most frequent of all hazards, yet their impact on people, property and communities varies from one place to another. When it comes to buildings the type of building materials and designs used can minimize loss of life, mainly in wealthy areas. This was the case with the Loma Prieta earthquake where very few people were killed, however in some areas were more vulnerable with older buildings. With the Kobe earthquake (1995) there were less strict building regulations which led to high death toll of over 6,300. In poorer parts of the world building design is often inadequate, even though building design standards are in place they are rarely enforced, which was the case for Mexico City (1985). Here several modern high rise buildings collapsed as concrete crumbled and the thin steel structures tore apart. The central hospital just collapsed in total killing around 30000 people. It can also have different effects on different parts of the world due to the frequency of the earthquake and the levels of development. In wealthy areas where earthquakes are common, such as California and Japan, a lot is done to prepare for an earthquake; there are regular earthquake drills in schools and offices. Poorer countries tend to be less well prepared this is partly due to the lack of money to invest in materials and educational programs. Also because earthquakes are perceived as infrequent problems in a society facing daily struggles for survival. It is often said LEDC’S suffer much more from the effects of earthquakes than MEDC’s which is true in terms of human costs. A poor country with UN sturdy buildings and its inability to cope with the after effects of an earthquake, will suffer greater loss of life, homelessness and loss of livelihood than a rich country. In recent years some of the greatest earthquake disasters have occurred in LEDC’S including India 1993 which killed 10,000 people, Afghanistan 1998 which killed over 6,000. MEDC’s do not tend to suffer as much human loss, but they do suffer a lot of financial loss, as insurance companies and governments re-fund building programs and pay compensation. Afghanistan 25th March 2002 there were a series of earthquakes that lasted 10 hours and killed 800-1000 people, injured 4,000 and left 20,000 homeless. Towns were flattened the earthquake only measure 6. 1 on the Richter scale. There were a few reasons why this earthquake caused so much widespread disaster. The region is remote and very poor, after suffering droughts and wars they have no resources left to cope with such an earthquake. The houses were very poor and couldn’t withstand the shaking; much housing had heavy roofing to insulate their houses which just collapsed killing people inside. Although the earthquake was not so powerful it was a shallow one occurring at a depth of 8km. Now comparing it with a wealthier place you can see the difference that money can make and buildings. Taiwan 30th March 2002 measured 7. 1 on the Richter scale so was more powerful than the Afghanistan one, and was at 10km deep so again was shallow; this earthquake only killed 5 people. The Taiwan earthquake was significantly more powerful than the Afghanistan earthquake yet it caused far less loss of life, this was due to the fact that, many of the buildings were modern and coped well with the ground shaking, people were also aware of the dangers and had prepared themselves to minimize the dangers and damage to the properties. Taiwan is significantly wealthier than Afghanistan and it’s therefore better able to prepare and then to react after an earthquake. In conclusion 2 earthquakes of a similar magnitude might be expected to have similar effects but this is not always the case. Whilst there can be no doubt that a big powerful earthquake will caused a lot of damage wherever they occur, it seems to be the case that all things being equal LEDC’s tend to suffer more than MEDC’s.

Psychological disorders Essay

1. Bipolar disorder This is a disorder associated with extreme mood swings. A person’s moods alternate between two opposite ends, that is to say, from extreme sadness to euphoric happiness.   Most people start developing this behavior in their late teens but are well diagnosed in the age between 25 and 40 years. The cause is not clearly known but it is thought to result from chemical (neurotransmitters) imbalance. Imbalance of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine levels are believed to be the cause. Bipolar disorder has a genetic and environmental tie.   It can pass down through family members. However, it has to be triggered by some stress. Symptoms include behaviors revolving around mania and depression.   A sick person should be helped to find medical care especially when it threatens basic health.   Blood tests or X-rays are used to confirm the disorder. There is no cure for bipolar disorder. However, proper therapy can manage it and a sick person can go on functioning normally. Treatment is geared towards medication that stabilizes mood swings accompanied with counseling.   Medication is not very effective. Counseling is most successful especially with support from family members. Medication available for prescriptions in the market includes: lithium, valproic acid (depolcote) and Olanzine (zyprexa) among others.   They work by balancing neurotransmitters in the brain.   Some of their side effects include †¢ Lithium – increased urination, dizziness, nausea and diarrhea. †¢ Valproic acid – Drowsiness, weakness, nausea and diarrhea. †¢ Olanzapine – decreased alertness. 2. Depressive disorder This is a disorder characterized with a feeling of sadness. It can affect people of all ages but in the United States, it is five times more common in the elderly than young people (Depression facts: www.enmechizmhealth.com) The causes include a combination of genetic, biological and environmental factors.   It is triggered by abnormalities in the levels of neurotransmitters (serotin, norepinephrine and dopamine) in the brain.   Certain types of depressive disorders are hereditary.   Research has not cleared diagnosed the involved genes. Personality traits such as pessimism, difficult situations such as lose of loved ones, medical conditions e.g. stroke and substance abuse are some of the biological and environmental factors. Symptoms include sadness, crying spells, loss of interest in usual activities, weight loss, inability to sleep, fatigue, thoughts of suicide, headache, boredom and diminished ability to think or concentrate. Treatment includes psychotherapy and medication. However psychotherapy is the most effective. Medical treatment includes antidepressants and supportive care-such as psychotherapy given by psychiatrists. Ant depressants medications in the market include: Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRI), Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors (MAOs). SSRIs affect levels of serotonin in the brain.Common SSRIs include fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram. TCAs are prescribed in severe cases of depression especially when SSRIs have failed to work. Examples of TCAs include Doxepin and mipramine. MAOs are not commonly used and examples include phenelzine and tranylcypromine. Some of the side effects associated with those medications include: dizziness, nausea, weakness and drowsness. 3. Generalized Anxiety disorder This is a disorder characterized with mild feelings of nervousness to a strong feeling of dread or fear. Symptoms include muscle tension, muscle aches and shaky feelings. It does not affect the brain. The disorder makes the ordinary doing of things difficult.   People with the disorder cannot be able to relax.   They often get fatigued. It is common in children and adolescents. It is not genetic however research is being conducted to determine that. It is mainly induced by environmental factors. Psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy are treatments with the former being the most effective. Medication used include: Ativan, Lipoxide and lurux. Some of the side effects of those drugs are similar to those of bipolar disorder. Obsessive compulsive disorder This disorder is characterized with obsessions or compulsions or both.   Obsessions or compulsion cause distress therefore one cannot concentrate on work or whatever is being done.   Obsessions symptoms include: recurring thoughts, impulses or images that intrude into awareness.   Compulsion symptoms include the need for repetitive physical and mental behaviors.   Example of obsessive behavior is silently repeating words while that of compulsive include behavior like checking the door to confirm whether it is really closed.   It is triggered by substance use, medication and drug abuse. The exact cause is not clear though it is linked with shortage of serotonin in the brain.It has no cure.   Treatment includes counseling, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy.   Current medication and include luvox, anafruvial and prozac. Prozac has a side effect of weakness and drowsiness. 4. Substance Abuse disorder The disorder is a result of over indulgence and dependence on addictive substance such as alcohol or narcotics. It is not genetic at all. In the United States it is very common especially with the youth. People abuse substances to get a feeling of being ‘high’. Some do that to run away from frustrations. Substance abuses affect normal functioning of the brain. It is thought that they also cause imbalance of neurotransmitters. Treatments include counseling and proper use of prescribed medicine. 5. Schizophrenia This is a chronic and disabling mental disorder.   Its symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts and behaviors and disorganized speech. The cause is not clear however it is a combination of genetic, biological, environmental and psychological factors. Neurotransmitters imbalance trigger the condition. The neurotransmitters involved include dopamine, serotin and glutamate. it is also thought to be a disorder of the development of the brain. It has no cure but symptoms treatable. Antipsychotic medications are effective.   Examples of antipsychotic medication include: risperidone, olanzapine, aripiprazole and quetiapine. Olanzapine has a side effect of causing decreased alertness.  Psychotherapy is recommended and is the most effective.

Buddhist Ideas and Practices in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddhist Ideas and Practices in China - Essay Example On the other hand, the artifacts from Kushan, which were based on Pakistan Buddhist civilization, were identified in western China, during the period when China had extended their power to Central Asia, and there were cultural ties between China and Central Asia. This association offered a chance for the Chinese people to learn about the Buddhism by the mid first century, thereby making the Chinese Buddhist learn about its existence. Nevertheless, the paper will focus on the discussion of ways in which Buddhism entered China and difficulties and adaptation in the Chinese culture. One of the ways in which Buddhism entered in to China was through a translation, which involved selection of terms for explaining the Buddhist conceptions in Chinese; thus, they applied Taoist expressions to translate. Chinese people commenced to relate Buddhism with the existence of Taoist tradition, and they later understood the teachings of Buddha. Buddhist text continues despite, a period of political di sunity after the fall of Han Dynasty during the third century, which was associated by unrest caused by war. In fact, there was increased popularity in this period, whereby the Chinese monks became aggressively concerned in the establishment of monasteries and teaching Buddhist knowledge. There were rules established with a devotion to the Buddhist, which led to construction of much temples and participation in Buddhist ceremonies public talks, thereby expanding the rulers on the earlier catalogues on Buddhist texts. Entry of Buddhism was facilitated by a Chinese monk referred to as Dao-an, in the fourth century, though he shifted from one place to another due to the political instability, he wrote and lectured about Buddhist teachings. He also gathered copies of translated scriptures, prepared a catalogue, and invited translators such as Kumarajiva, from Kucha. Therefore, Kumarajiva applied Dao-an's disciples in translation of numerous texts and revised the Chinese translations. Mo reover, his translations became popular thus contributing to the spread of Buddhism in China, and some of these translations have been used even in the present days. The political instability contributed to dispersion of Kumarajiva's disciples, and this contributed to the spread of Buddhism to other parts of China. Difficulties and adaptations in Chinese culture There were difficulties related to the nature of the attacks on the Confucian side, which were aimed at eliminating Buddhist institutions, and reduce their strong hold in the Chinese society. There were several Confucian attacks against clergy and spread of Buddhist doctrines, where the entire Buddhist religion was attacked. In this case, there were other difficulties resulting from the Chinese society, which was switching to the Confucian populace, thereby making the Buddhist society face a lot of attack in their pursuit of remaining prevalent and the philosophy of Chinese civilization. Nevertheless, these attacks were stro ng enough to hinder the spread of Buddhism in China, though these religions offered brilliant ideas and compelling rhetoric during the sparring back in forth between the philosophies. There were significant points that Confucians aimed at responding to in relation to the Buddhist philosophy and this included the attacks on the land properties and the excesses of Buddhist clergymen (Cultural China, 1). On the other hand, there were benefits for the numerous clergymen in their attempts to possess a piece of land, which was luxurious. There was an allotment prize lands for the clergymen by the Buddhist follower, where there was an institution

Female genital mutilation Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Female genital mutilation - Research Proposal Example Free trade offers important benefits to improve the overall economic conditions of rich and poor countries as well as serving as an important deterrent for war. On the other hand, free trade policy does not work very effectively when the participating members do not cooperate with each other and comply with the policy accordingly. Furthermore, free trade forces some countries to depend economically on others, on essential commodities such as raw materials and food, which is very detrimental especially during the times of war. Other negative effects of free trade include cutthroat competition and dumping, among many others. Despite these impediments, this paper argues that free trade spurs globalization and international trade, which in effect brings nations together and hence preventing them from resulting into war. Globalization has emerged as one of the most important forces of change in the recent times. What started as an economic move to open the borders and allow free trade has now made inroads into other fabrics of the society. Additionally, changes are being observed at socio-political level where smaller and developing countries are transitioning towards democracy and improved economic performance. Normally, governments often impose trade restrictions such as quotas, tariffs and other barriers that make it relatively difficult for other countries to actually trade with each other. Despite this barrier, free trade has emerged from the drive towards globalization, which is sweeping across even the fundamental structures of the society. As a result of this drive towards the free trade, many nations including China and India benefits from open economies. Since developing countries are essential providers of raw material and also possess cheap labor, the overall benefit is perceived as being transferred to poor nations.

Project Report on designing and implementing a thematic task-based Research Paper

Project Report on designing and implementing a thematic task-based unit of work which could be used with a mixed-ability class - Research Paper Example Student describes the way they carry out different activities during the day and number of times they do a particular job in an unclean manner. They understand the reason why they are asked to wash their hands every time they eat something. Students understand the different ways in which they can keep their body clean and also take care to maintain the environment clean. Reading: The students are encouraged to read the questionnaire and understand the meaning of words and importance of the concept of cleanliness. The vocabulary and grasping quality of students are enhanced when they read different articles circulated among them. Writing: The students while filling the questionnaire give importance to the spelling which can improve the quality of their writing. Various pictures are drawn and asked to describe. Children are asked to write about the times the things they do to make themselves clean. Speaking: Students are asked question to improve their speaking ability. They are asked about their lifestyle and give brief detail on day to day activities. Discussion among themselves in groups is introduced to have interaction. 1. Students can be lead to a clean place and allowed to sit in a row and asked to give their experience Ask them about any inconvenience or discomfort they have on skin or any occurrence of any allergies lately. The student’s responses can be written on the board. There should be discussions about the features of different bacteria and viruses, where they breed and what situation can destroy them. It should also be discussed about the role played by skin and immune system in order to avoid illness. They should be guided to ways to implement health and clean living. 3. Collect all the response from families and use it at the right time. Once the surveys are done the students should be asked to share all the family information with his class mates. The student

Religion And Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Religion And Politics - Research Paper Example These are the fundamentals questions of this study. In addressing the research questions, we will use the method of case study. The study will focus on the Islamic Republic of Iran because it is currently the most vocal Islamic Republic against the western world. In doing the study, we shall be using the most recent works of authors considered authoritative on the subject. In this study, we shall use peer-reviewed journal articles. We expect that the use of academic journals provide adequate quality control for our sources of insights and data. However, we also use the work of Sial (2006) because even if Sial (2006) is not a journal article, the work can be considered as authoritative because it is a study of the Iranian legal or political system from the point of view of an outstanding lawyer and can be considered as â€Å"authoritative†. In this study, the key conclusion we make is that in Islamic Republics, religion plays a very important role in politics. Alamdari (2005, p. 1285) described the earlier political system in Iran as a â€Å"religious populist regime, a tyranny of the majority under the charismatic leadership† of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Had Iran’s war with Iraq (1981-1988) did not take place, Alamdari argued that Islamic populism could have ended more quickly after the 1979 Islamic Iranian revolution (Alamdari, 2005, p. 1286). The constitution adopted right after the 1979 Islamic revolution known as the Qanun-e Asasi established the Islamic Republic of Iran (Sial, 2006). The principle of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) performs a key role in the government structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Sial, 2006). According to Sial (2006), a national referendum in December 1979 approved the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The 1979 national referendum asked Iranians at least 16 years old whether they want to abolish the monarchy and replace the monarchy with an Islamic Republic (S ial, 2006). The 1979

Environmental Analysis of Gold Coast Theme Park Research Paper

Environmental Analysis of Gold Coast Theme Park - Research Paper Example Theme park facilities are services provided to customers. Traditionally, distribution channels are not a requirement of this business as revenue is generated through visitors who come in to catch some entertainment. In the recent era though, different distribution channels are coming up including conjoint branding activities or branding partnerships as is seen in the case of Volvo teaming up with Legoland, a theme park in California for their marketing activities. Likewise, current research journals on tourism industry suggest the following new mediums for distribution: Tourism is the driving factor of the economy of Gold Coast, contributing AUS $ 2.3 billion to the Gold Coast City's Gross Regional Product and providing employment to more than 40,000 people. The industry size can be determined by the fact that Gold Coast hosts as many as 78,000 visitors every day of which 80% are Australian nationals whereas a growing number is coming from New Zealand, UK, Japan, China, UAE & India. According to the official figures "The Gold Coast attracts 4.4 million tourists per year (9.9 million including day trippers) with a daily spend of $10.6 million". The entry barriers are low even if it requires a high level of investment (up to $ 110 million) to develop a theme park but the rates of returns are high. However, the high capital intensive nature of this business also means that the exit barriers are low since the investors do not want to leave their investment in search of more profitable options Phil Bartsch states in his article "Theme Parks enter the Digital Age' published in The Courier Mail, that the average annual revenue growth of 5 percent is forecast over the next several years in Australia's attractions industry. High level of competition and a monopoly like situation whereby Dream world has a leading position and retains it by offering competitive products in a wide income group span( from $ 5-$5000) High number of innovative products being offered by competitors Competitor Analysis Gold Coast boasts of as many as five big theme parks including the following:- Sea World Sea World Animal Adventures Sea World Helicopters Sea World Whale Watch Sea World Resort Wet 'n' Wild Water World Warner Bros Movie World Australian Outback Spectacular Paradise Country The Visitors, (Consumers) As mentioned earlier 80% of the visitors to Gold Coast are Australian nationals. Since the nature of business is strictly B2C (business to consumer), the customer does not have much power. The presence of other options in form of other amusement and theme parks provides more choice and gives the customers the power to choose. At present, there are no customer representative bodies. The Suppliers Apart from the supplier in their day to day operations including on the venue food suppliers, a Gold Coast theme park usually requires specialized vendors to suit the individual needs of their

The Wal-Mart Essay Example for Free

The Wal-Mart Essay Currently, Kroger is the country’s largest traditional supermarket chain. Kroger sells over $60 billion a year, and operates over 2500 supermarkets across the country. But even Kroger is still in competition with Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart’s philosophy and culture does not appear to value consumer or company ethics. They compete with more than food prices. Many supercenters offer a full-service drive-thru pharmacy, an optical center, a 1-hour photo processing center, a portrait studio, a bank, video rental store, hair and nail salon, fast food chain, tire shop, and even offer 24 hour a day-365 days a year availability. The temperature controls for all of Wal-Mart’s stores across the country are controlled by one computer in Bentonville, Arkansas. Because of Wal-Mart’s size, they have the power to instruct suppliers on how to package their products, including meats. However, meats is one area of the supermarket industry that Wal-Mart has some weaknesses because many supermarkets provide a friendly neighborhood butcher who provides a friendly face and customized approach to consumers’ meat needs. To Wal-Mart, hiring a butcher is a labor expense that is not needed. These types of attitudes in the supermarket industry are exactly the reason why consumers may choose to seek their family grocery needs in a culture and environment where more emphasis is placed on quality customer service, up-to-date technological advances, marketing strategies that cater to a more culturally-diverse consumer, quality products, and a smaller environment that provides a neighborhood-marketplace atmosphere. Smaller supermarkets can offer a wider variety of products, particularly fresh fruits and vegetables, meat, poultry and fish. Many successful smaller supermarket chains sell a limited number of grocery items to ensure that the quality is maintained and products are not sitting on a shelf for an extended period of time, and change the product mix frequently to offer unique products at a good value, changing the shopping experience for every visit, especially for repeat and loyal customers. A study conducted in 1999 found that the implementation of customer loyalty programs/frequent shopper programs increased by 16 percent from the first quarter of 1998. As loyalty programs increase, and marketing technology becomes more integrated and advanced, the responsible analysis and collection of customer data will provide merchandisers with numerous opportunities to market products, programs and services that supermarkets can offer to its consumers, including those in an ethnically-diverse population. Supermarkets must be responsible and ethical in their collection of data about their consumers and cater to their shopping needs by offering both quality customer service from its employees, and quality products that fulfill their shopping needs. Extensive study must be done on the consumer to uncover where shoppers shop for certain needs like staple items, meats, fresh fruits and vegetables, and organic foods, and offer these products in the most cost-effective manner so that the smaller supermarkets do not lose their market share to the larger supercenters and chains.

Poker de Espanto en el Caribe

Poker de Espanto en el Caribe Pà ³ker de Espanto en el Caribe Introduccià ³n Algunas regiones en Amà ©rica Latina han sido escenario de una variedad y amplia de sangrientas dictaduras, y por periodos tan prolongados, como el Caribe. Rafael Leonidas Trujillo en Repà ºblica Dominicana; Anastasio Somoza, Tacho, en Nicaragua; Marcos Pà ©rez Jimà ©nez en Venezuela, y Fulgencio Batista en Cuba, constituyen las cuatro tiranà ­as que en la dà ©cada de los cincuenta del siglo XX armaron un Pà ³ker de espanto en el Caribe. Su autor, Juan Bosch, uno de los mà ¡s destacados là ­deres polà ­ticos, intelectuales y humanistas dominicanos, que pasà ³ veintitrà ©s aà ±os de su vida en el exilio, analiza las causas econà ³micas, sociales, polà ­ticas e incluso psicolà ³gicas que dieron origen y sostuvieron dichas dictaduras. La obra, escrita de salto en salto, de paà ­s en paà ­s, de exilio en exilio, en una Amà ©rica Latina convulsionada, con golpes de Estado, tiranicidios, guerras civiles y revoluciones armadas, refleja, como ninguna, los procesos del exilio a los que tantos se han visto obligados, en Amà ©rica Latina y el Caribe, và ­ctimas del despotismo. A mà ¡s de cincuenta aà ±os de haber sido escrito, Pà ³ker de espanto en el Caribe es un clà ¡sico en su gà ©nero. La Universidad Nacional Autà ³noma de Mà ©xico se honra en editar en Mà ©xico esta obra fundamental para la comprensià ³n de los procesos sociales y polà ­ticos en Amà ©rica Latina y el Caribe, a cien aà ±os del natalicio de su autor. Biografà ­a del autor Juan Bosch nacià ³ en La Vega, Repà ºblica Dominicana, el 30 de junio de 1909 y murià ³ en Santo Domingo el 1 de noviembre de 2001. El profesor Juan Bosch, narrador, ensayista, educador, historiador, bià ³grafo, polà ­tico, ex-presidente de la Repà ºblica Dominicana, inicià ³ su carrera literaria con un pequeà ±o libro de cuentos, Camino Real (1933), donde narraba en gran parte lo que habà ­a visto, escuchado y vivido en su pueblo, La Vega. De esa misma à ©poca, es su primera novela breve La Maà ±osa (1936), donde el personaje central es una mula y el narrador es un nià ±o enfermizo. Despuà ©s, antes de salir al exilio, donde vivirà ­a durante mà ¡s de veinte aà ±os, el precursor del cuento dominicano publicarà ­a sus cuentos en perià ³dicos y revistas dominicanas. De aquella à ©poca son  «La mujer » (cuento que ha sido seleccionado por casi la totalidad de las antologà ­as de cuentos de Hispanoamà ©rica),  «Dos pesos de agua » y  «El abuelo ». Pero cuando el profesor Bosch regresà ³ a la Repà ºblica Dominicana, apenas los mà ¡s viejos conocà ­an que era cuentista. A su llegada, se reunieron sus cuentos en dos volà ºmenes: Cuentos escritos en el exilio (1964), que incluà ­a  «Cuento de Navidad » y  «Manuel Sicurà ­Ã‚ », publicados en ediciones independientes en el extranjero, y Mà ¡s cuentos escritos en el exilio, (1964), donde se incluyeron, tambià ©n, cuentos publicados en ediciones independientes, como  «La muchacha de la Gà ¼aira », publicado en Chile, en 1955. Pero Bosch ya habà ­a publicado libros, en el extranjero, no precisamentede cuentos, que lo habà ­an dado a conocerer en otros paà ­ses como bià ³grafo y ensayista, antes que en su propio paà ­s, como Hostos, el sembrador (Cuba, 1939), Judas Iscariote, el calumniado (Chile, 1955). Aunque dejà ³ de escribir cuentos desde los aà ±os sesenta (el à ºltimo o escribià ³ para una antologia de cuentos para nià ±os, preparada por el pianista, poeta y dramaturgo Manuel Rueda), el profesor Bosch es reconocido como el precursor del cuento y, sobre todo, de la narrativa social dominicana.). Con una prosa imitada por pocos narradores dominicanos de hoy (por lo dà ­ficil, aunque se trate de decir lo contrario), en los cuentos de Bosch la problemà ¡tica social (la preocupacià ³n por el hombre y por la fuerza de los procesos sociales que ejercen sobre el individuo) es tratada desde diferentes à ¡ngulos, sin hacer, casi siempre, alusià ³n a sistemas o gobiernos determinados. Pero no sà ³lo los cuentos del profesor Bosch son guà ­as para el cuentista, si no que sus Apuntes sobre el arte de escribir cuentos es un texto para los estudiantes de otros paà ­ses como Cuba, llegando a llamar la atencià ³n del narrador colombiano Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, quien ha declarado mà ¡s de una vez que Bosch es su profesor). La à ºltima creacià ³n narrativa del profesor Bosch, la novela El oro y la paz (Premio Novela Nacional de Literatura, 1975), aunque escrita en dos versiones, a primera en 1957, mientras el escritor se hallaba viviendo en Cuba, en su primer exilio, y la segunda versià ³n en Puerto Rico, 1964, donde estuvo pasando su otro exilio, es una obra maestra en a Literatura dominicana). Las obras de Bosch comprenden, tambià ©n, ensayos y biografà ­as de grandes figuras de la historia sagrada. Es dà ­ficil, por no decir imposible, resumir los temas en los cuentos de Juan Bosch. Hay, sin embargo, dos preocupaciones que aparecen en sus mejores cuent os: los problemas sociales, y la preocupacià ³n filosà ³fica (por no decir, existencial). Ahà ­ està ¡n  «La nochebuena de Encarnacià ³n Mendoza » (para nosotros, su cuento mà ¡s perfecto),  «Los amos »,  «Luis Pià ©Ã‚ »,  «La muchacha de la Gà ¼aira »,  «Dos pesos de agua » y  «La mujer » para probarlo. Produccià ³n literaria Obras: Narrativa: Camino Real (1933) Indios (1935) La maà ±osa (1936) Dos pesos de agua (1941) La muchacha de la Gà ¼aira (1955) Cuentos de Navidad (1956) Cuentos escritos en el exilio (1962) Mà ¡s cuentos escritos en el exilio (1962). El oro y la paz (1975 Ensayos: Mujeres en la vida de Hostos (1938) Hostos, el Sembrador (1939) Apuntes sobre el arte de escribir cuentos (1947) Judas Iscariote, el Calumniado (1955) Trujillo, causas de una tiranà ­a sin ejemplo (1961) David, biografà ­a de un rey (1963) Breve historia de la oligarquà ­a (1970) Composicià ³n social dominicana (1970) Tres conferencia sobre feudalismo (1971) Breve historia de la oligarquà ­a (1971) El Napoleà ³n de las guerrillas (1976) El Caribe, fronterra imperial: de Cristà ³bal Colon a Fidel Castro (1978) Viaje a las antà ­podas (1978) Conferencias y artà ­culos (1980) La revolucià ³n de abril (1980) La guerra de la Restauracià ³n (1980) Clases sociales en la Repà ºblica Dominicana (1983) Capitalismo, democracia y liberacià ³n nacional (1983) La fortuna de Trujillo (1985) La pequeà ±a burguesà ­a en la historia de la Repà ºblica Dominicana (1985) Capitalismo tardà ­o en la Repà ºblica Dominicana (1986) Mà ¡ximo Gà ³mez: de Monte Cristi a la gloria (1986) El Estado, sus orà ­genes y desarrollo (1987) Textos culturales y literarios (1988) Dictaduras dominicanas (1988) Pà ³ker de Espanto en El Caribe. Temas econà ³micos (1990) Breve historia de los pueblos à ¡rabes (1991). Aportes dado a la literatura Juan Bosch fue un hombre de pensamiento y accià ³n en todo lo que se propuso, marcando autà ©nticamente con sus aportes polà ­ticos y literarios a la sociedad dominicana. De sus contribuciones a la polà ­tica nacional queda poco de quà © hablar, mientras que de su pasado literario todavà ­a van surgiendo detalles que terminarà ¡n conformando definitivamente el perfil del que fue el mà ¡s destacado literato dominicano del siglo XX. En principio, en el campo de la poesà ­a Bosch se declarà ³ admirador del Movimiento Postumista, pero en el cuento y la novela quiso crear su propia escuela, a la que bautizà ³ â€Å"El Conchoprimismo Literario†, no sin que aparecieran, en el mundo literario dominicano, los que se burlaron y trataron de ridiculizarlo. La escuela â€Å"conchoprimista† que Bosch intentà ³ establecer en 1934, partà ­a del criterio de que en la Repà ºblica Dominicana y el arte â€Å"tenà ­an que hacerse sobre tradiciones criollas†, tomando como materia prima lo que habà ­a significado en nuestra historia el personaje de Concho Primo, caracterizado por el coraje, el instinto, la generosidad y el fuego que incendiaba su sangre y la carne: â€Å"Concho Primo fue cada hombre que dejà ³ el quicio de su casa, al brazo el machete, a la cintura el revà ³lver, bajo las piernas el espinazo del caballo, a quienes no empujaba el deseo de hacerse libres, ni ricos, ni de volver aureolados de glorias para ofrendarlas a una mujer†. Su novela La Maà ±osa fue la conclusià ³n de aquel esfuerzo. Aunque Juan Bosch ya habà ­a publicado numerosos cuentos, cuando comenzà ³ a promover su â€Å"escuela† era todavà ­a un desconocido en el mundo literario dominicano y hasta lo creà ­an inexistente pues habà ­a gente que creà ­a que nombre era el seudà ³nimo de algà ºn intelectual interesado en que no se conociera su verdadera identidad. El Conchoprimismo estaba influenciado por el Criollismo, de moda entonces en Latinoamà ©rica. Bosch define su escuela con las siguientes palalabras: â€Å"Aquà ­ en Santo Domingo, quizà ¡s si a consecuencia de pobreza en la flora y fauna y tambià ©n ausencia de una raza nuestra, nos hemos dedicado a los acontecimientos y con ellos a los hombres. Pero à ©stos, manejados como cosa: instintivos, impulsivos, bastos. Nada de pensamiento destilado. Y como no tenemos otra historia que la de la sangre, hemos tomado la bandera que yacà ­a en el suelo, pudrià ©ndose, desde la llegada de los yanquis. La hemos tremolado, asà ­ desgarrada, enfangada y hedionda. Ahà ­ ha nacido el â€Å"Conchoprimismo literario†, que lo serà ¡ artà ­stico antes de poco tiempo en todo el frente de las artes†. Juan Bosch fue desde el principio cuentista y se dio a conocer a partir de 1931 en la revista Bahoruco, dirigida por el venezolano Horacio Blanco Bombona: â€Å"Un buen cuentista dominicano†, titulaba Blanco Bombona, y decà ­a â€Å"Hemos publicado en los à ºltimos nà ºmeros de Bahoruco cuentos del escritor dominicano Juan E. Bosch. No nos gusta prodigar elogios a diestra y siniestra, porque creemos que ese sistema ha malogrado a mà ¡s de un joven escritor que con esfuerzo y estudio pudo hacer algo que valiera la pena. Pero no queremos dejar pasar inadvertida la capacidad de nuestro colaborador Bosch para el cuento. En breves pà ¡ginas capta un suceso, un ambiente y con una sobriedad, digna de encomio, escribe su relato. Nos parece que a la Repà ºblica Dominicana le ha aparecido un buen cuentista. Bosch es vegano de nacimiento y acaba de retornar al paà ­s de un viaje de dos aà ±os por la penà ­nsula y por algunos paà ­ses de Hispanoamà ©rica de los que rodean el m ar Caribe†. En los cuentos aparecidos en Bahoruco ya se iba definiendo el costumbrismo campesino dominicano en que desembocarà ­a el â€Å"Conchoprimismo†. En Carteles, revista cubana que se leà ­a en Santo Domingo, aparecià ³ en marzo de 1932 el siguiente comentario sobre uno de sus escritos: â€Å"La Mujer, un cuento de Juan Bosch, el primer cuentista dominicano del momento. Domina el gà ©nero y tiene la rara virtud de narrar con una sencillez que da relieve al tema. La Mujer es una tragedia rural dominicana†. Refirià ©ndose a ese comentario de la revista Carteles, se dijo en Bahoruco: â€Å"Hace un aà ±o comenzà ³ Bosch a publicar sus cuentos en este semanario. Desde el primer cuento advertimos que se trataba de un vigoroso talento de narrador, que pinta las costumbres campesinas en una sobria y precisa prosa. En una palabra, que habà ­a alcanzado maestrà ­a en el difà ­cil arte del cuento a una edad muy temprana, pues Bosch en la actualidad sà ³lo cuenta veinte y tres aà ±os. Nosotros repetimos varias veces que no conocemos sino dos grandes cuentistas dominicanos, entendiendo por tales a los que tratan temas criollos. Uno era Josà © Ramà ³n Là ³pez en sus buenos tiempos. El otro es Bosch†. A principio de 1933 Bosch leyà ³ cuentos junto a Fabio Fiallo y Tomà ¡s Hernà ¡ndez Franco en los salones del Club Nosotras. En la crà ³nica noticiosa aparecida sobre esta actividad, se lee lo siguiente: â€Å"Fue anunciada la lectura de cuentos de tres de nuestros cuentistas, Juan Bosch, Hernà ¡ndez Franco y Fabio Fiallo. Bosch, el menor y el primero, es cuentista de procedimientos modernà ­simos. Nada de autobiografà ­a, ni de propia psicologà ­a. Es la vena de agua pura y cristalina que lleva, sin saberlo, el alma de nuestra montaà ±a. En el aà ±o citado, publicà ³ Juan Bosch su primer libro de cuetos, Camino Real, terminando de situarse como el mejor narrador dominicano y rompiendo con la creencia generalizada de que à ©l â€Å"era un seudà ³nimo y era, sin embargo, nuestro mejor cuentista. Aun despuà ©s de haber publicado muchos cuentos en las columnas de este semanario, se nos decà ­a como dudando de su existencia:  ¿Y ese Bosch, a quien nunca hemos visto, donde vive? Y respondà ­amos invariablemente: Escribe, luego existe y mora en la Avenida Capotillo† Desde antes de 1934 Bosch se batà ­a en una descarnada polà ©mica pà ºblica con Hà ©ctor Inchà ¡ustegui Cabral y otros de sus compaà ±eros, quienes criticaban sus poemas y narraciones costumbristas. Refirià ©ndose a Bosch y a su â€Å"escuela†, Inchà ¡ustegui cuenta en el â€Å"Pozo muerto† (1960), detalles de ese debate: â€Å"Como creà ­a en los nacional le hicimos la guerra a cuantos pretendieron injertar en la literatura dominicana el Romanticismo Gitano de Garcà ­a Lorca. Pero no era contra el poeta, fue contra el programa, vamos a llamarlo asà ­, de los que consideraban que era necesario, para la tradicià ³n y para la historia, que se cantara en romance la vida, las hazaà ±as, de los grandes de las guerras civiles. Una persona, que no era poeta, lanzà ³ la idea, trazà ³ el ideario dirà ­amos mejor, desde las pà ¡ginas de Bahoruco (†¦). Entonces escribà ­a unos Marginales. Una seccià ³n un poco en broma (†¦). No recuerdo todo lo que di je, pero le debià ³ parecer muy fuerte. Hablaba, eso sà ­ lo recuerdo, de un â€Å"polizà ³n sentimental†que nos acababa de llegar de Espaà ±a, de un contrabando literario que estaban tratando de introducir en el paà ­s. Se molestà ³ muchà ­simo y me salià ³ al encuentro la semana siguiente. (†¦). Aquello era la indignacià ³n patrià ³tica en letras de molde. (†¦). Blanco Bombona me llamà ³. Debà ­a tener cuidado porque à ©se era un muchacho violento. Lo mejor era dejar las cosas en donde estaban y no replicar para evitar desagrados mà ¡s profundos. Yo sonreà ­. Él era amigo mà ­o y la disputa se limitaba al puro campo literario.† Bosch llegà ³ en aquellos meses a anunciar, cuando publicà ³ â€Å"El cobarde†, que se retirarà ­a del cuento costumbrista dominicano, lo que llevà ³ a Blanco Bombona a decir: â€Å"Ni debe, ni puede. No puede porque el alma de su pueblo le bulle en el sensorio de manera tal, que à ©l no tendrà ­a fuerza para evadir el imperioso reclamo a la hora de la creacià ³n literaria. No debe: porque seria restarle a su patria un aporte que la significa y la cataloga dentro de un gà ©nero literario. Esperamos, pues, que esta resolucià ³n de Bosch, sea transitoria†. Bosch, ademà ¡s de escribir cuentos escribà ­a y publicaba en Alma Dominicana poemas costumbristas, un poco influenciado por el Romancero espaà ±ol. En Alma Dominicana Juan Josà © Llovet y Juan Bosch eran los redactores, mientras que Emilio A. Morel era el director. La admiracià ³n de Bosch por los escritores que se ubicaban en el â€Å"Conchoprimismo†lo llevà ³ en agosto de 1935, a promoverlos, como hizo con Josà © Rijo, por tener à ©ste el â€Å"corazà ³n machacado en el pilà ³n del campo y rezumante de todas nuestras virtudes, me parece haber encontrado un verdadero cuentista. (†¦). Dos cosas admiro en Josà © Rijo, su personalidad, ya que no se parece a ningà ºn escritor dominicano, y el amor con que carga ‘su provincia al pecho. Eso lo salvarà ¡. Por à ³rgano suyo ruego a los jà ³venes maestros del cuento nacional (maestros, no por lo que hayan hecho, sino por lo que critican y por la arrogancia y aparente erudicià ³n que manejan), no ver en este primer cuento los defectos†. El aporte de Bosch fue universalizar lo dominicano en la literatura. Lo que dijo sobre Rijo, fue lo que al final lo inmortalizà ³ a à ©l en la polà ­tica y la literatura universal: el amor con que siempre cargà ³ la patria en su pecho; mientras que muchos de sus crà ­ticos son hoy pasto que devora la historia. Movimiento Literario al que Pertenece el Autor Formà ³ parte en la capital dominicana del grupo literario que se denomino â€Å"la cueria†. Los à ºltimos aà ±os de la dà ©cada del 20 comenzà ³ a acariciar la idea de escribir una novela y entregà ¡ndose a esta labor, logro poner fin a la misma, coronando sus esfuerzos mediante la publicacià ³n de â€Å"la maà ±osa†, aà ±os despuà ©s. En principio, en el campo de la poesà ­a Bosch se declarà ³ admirador del Movimiento Postumista. La escuela â€Å"conchoprimista† que Bosch intentà ³ establecer en 1934, partà ­a del criterio de que en la Repà ºblica Dominicana y el arte â€Å"tenà ­an que hacerse sobre tradiciones criollas†, Breve Resumen de la Obra Anastacio Somoza, la carta nicaragà ¼ense Ningà ºn pueblo de Amà ©rica nos ofrece una leccià ³n tan cabal como el de Nicaragua, en lo que se refiere a los frutos le la polà ­tica caudillista ejercida en las cercanà ­as de un poder en crecimiento listo a aprovechar la menor grieta para penetrar por ella y aumentar su expansià ³n Los sucesos ocurrieron a mediados del siglo XIX, y al darse por terminados volvià ³ el pueblo nicaragà ¼ense a dividirse en conservadores y liberales, los dos partidos que han seà ±oreado el campo polà ­tico nacional, separados al parecer por diferencias ideolà ³gicas pero unidos en un mismo procedimiento caudillista. En 1893 tomaron el poder los liberales, despuà ©s de treinta aà ±os de gobierno conservador. El presidente liberal, Josà © Santos Zelaya, establecià ³ una dictadura que iba a durar diecisiete aà ±os, hasta fines de 1909. Esa dictadura no pudo ser mà ¡s inoportuna, pues desde que en 1898 los Estados Unidos adoptaron la polà ­tica de franca intervencià ³n, con fuerzas militares, en la zona del Caribe, toda conducta polà ­tica tenà ­a que ser planeada tomando en cuenta el peligro de una posible intervencià ³n. Un rà ©gimen tan duro como el de Zelaya dividà ­a al pueblo nicaragà ¼ense mucho mà ¡s de lo que ya lo estaba; ponà ­a a su frente, de manera irreconciliable, no sà ³lo a los perseguidos conservadores, sino ademà ¡s a la juventud, que en todas partes es generosa y enamorada de la dignidad; y gran parte de esos jà ³venes pasaban a engrosar las filas conservadoras o, sin hacerlo, se mantenà ­an en lucha contra la dictadura. El paà ­s està ¡ situado en el mismo corazà ³n de Centroamà ©rica, con Costa Rica al sur, Honduras y El Salvador al norte, al este el mar Caribe y al oeste el Pacà ­fico. La mayor parte de la poblacià ³n ocupa mà ¡s o menos un tercio del territorio, el que està ¡ situado ente el sistema montaà ±oso que da al Pacà ­fico y ese mar; y aun esa tercera parte se concentra mà ¡s bien en un trià ¡ngulo formado entre Granada, al sur, Leà ³n al norte y la capital, Managua. Al sur, pegado a la frontera de Costa Rica en su orilla meridional, està ¡ el lago de Granada o lago de Nicaragua; en la orilla occidental, la ciudad que le da nombre. Ese lago se comunica con el Caribe por el rà ­o San Juan. Por allà ­ subà ­an los piratas y atacaban la ciudad de Granada. Por allà ­ se pensà ³ cavar el canal que despuà ©s se hizo en Panamà ¡. Durante largos aà ±os los nicaragà ¼enses soà ±aron con que su territorio seria usado en la gran và ­a transmarina; y de hecho fue puente del Caribe al Pacifico cuando el descubrimiento de oro en California lanzà ³ a miliares y millares de aventureros de la costa este norteamericana a las lejanas costas del Oeste. Hacia 1909 Washington descubrià ³ que el dictador Zelaya estaba negociando acuerdos con Alemania y con el Japà ³n para la construccià ³n de un canal por esa ruta. El canal de Panamà ¡ no estaba inaugurado todavà ­a; pero no tardarà ­a en estarlo. Y Panamà ¡ era una leccià ³n demasiado dramà ¡tica para no tomarla en cuenta. Ese recià ©n nacido paà ­s no existà ­a en 1902; era una provincia colombiana, y surgià ³ como nacià ³n independiente a voluntad de Teodoro Roosevelt (aunque desde luego Roosevelt estaba actuando como delegado de muy vastos y complicados intereses) cuando Colombia se negà ³ a aceptar las condiciones que imponà ­a Washington para abrir el canal por el istmo panameà ±o. El mismo Roosevelt lo dirà ­a en pà ºblico ocho aà ±os despuà ©s del establecimiento de la Repà ºblica de Panamà ¡. Los conservadores habà ­an producido numerosos levantamientos durante la administracià ³n de Zelaya; y a los conservadores volvieron sus ojos en Washington cuando se enteraron de las inoportunas negociaciones de Zelaya con alemanes y japoneses. El acuerdo entre conservadores y norteamericanos iba a durar aà ±os, y serà ­a funesto para la vida de Nicaragua. Pero como se verà ¡ a su tiempo, los liberales no pueden acusarlos porque ellos acabaron desplazando a sus adversarios en el favor de los gobernantes estadounidenses y llegarà ­an a extremos a que no llegaron aquà ©llos. Y es que bajo las etiquetas de partidos opuestos se guarecà ­an en realidad dos huestes caudillistas, a cuyos là ­deres les interesaba el poder para ellos mà ¡s que el destino de su pueblo. En octubre de 1909 el jefe de la guarnicià ³n de Bluefields, en la costa del Caribe, se levantà ³ contra el gobierno de Managua. Era un liberal, pero se alià ³ con los conservadores. Estos garantizaban la ayuda norteamericana al movimiento. La ayuda llegà ³ a tiempo, con un cable del Secretario de Estado de Washington conminando a Zelaya a abandonar el poder o exponerse a ser atacado por la Infanterà ­a de Marina norteamericana. El ministro de la Guerra se alzà ³ en armas; el presidente solicità ³ el desembarco de tropas norteamericanas, que lo hicieron por el puerto de Corinto. La Infanterà ­a de Marina yanqui sometià ³ a los rebeldes a caà ±onazos, y el jefe del alzamiento fue hecho preso y enviado, no a una cà ¡rcel nicaragà ¼ense, sino aun presidio de la zona norteamericana del Canal de Panamà ¡!. Despuà ©s de haber debelado ese alzamiento el grueso de los infantes de marina salià ³ de Nicaragua, pero quedà ³ en Managua, la capital del paà ­s, una guarnicià ³n de algunos centenares de hombres cuya funcià ³n aparente era proteger la Legacià ³n de los Estados Unidos; en realidad, su papel era advertir a los liberales que no se rebelaran. Para Washington, liberales en el poder significaba canal en Nicaragua manejado por potencias extranjeras. Desde 1912, despuà ©s de la intervencià ³n armada extranjera en su favor, gobernaron los conservadores en paz y se celebraron y se ratificaron los pactos necesarios para garantizar que sà ³lo los Estados Unidos podrà ­an hacer un canal por Nicaragua, si algà ºn dà ­a se construà ­a. No hubo dictaduras conservadoras parecidas a la de Zelaya, pero hubo dieciocho aà ±os de gobierno con ninguna participacià ³n de los liberales. Bajo el amparo si se prefiere, por mà ¡s justo, bajo el tutelaje de Washington proseguà ­a la divisià ³n de la gran familia nicaragà ¼ense; esa divisià ³n agravaba, en vez de resolver, los problemas nacionales. Pero los norteamericanos veà ­an los problemas desde el punto de vista de su interà ©s; no paraban mientes en el interà ©s de Nicaragua. Esa divisià ³n fue causa de que en 1926, con el apoyo del gobierno mexicano, encabezado entonces por Plutarco Elà ­as Calles, los liberales iniciaran una revolucià ³n, que comenzà ³ por Puerto Cabezas, tambià ©n en la costa del Caribe. De inmediato surgià ³ a la superficie la alianza de conservadores y norteamericanos. La revolucià ³n tomà ³ Puerto Cabezas y formà © gobierno bajo la presidencia de Juan Bautista Sacasa; sus tropas, al mando militar del general Josà © Marà ­a Moncada, avanzaron hacia el interior. El 23 de diciembre intervino Washington en los sucesos dando a Sacasa veinticuatro horas de plazo para que abandonara Puerto Cabezas porque el territorio de esa zona habà ­a sido declarado neutral por la Infanterà ­a de Marina norteamericana. Esta tomà ³ el lugar y echà ³ al fondo del mar las armas de la revolucià ³n. Las fuerzas de Moncada avanzaban, sin embargo, y se combatà ­a ya tierra adentro. En el aà ±o de 1927 comenzà ³ a sentirse en Nicaragua el peso de un nombre hasta poco antes desconocido, el de aquel jefe- cilio derrotado por fuerzas gobiernistas a principios de noviembre de 1926. Habiendo ido a Puerto Cabezas a solicitar del presidente revolucionario armas con que volver a combatir contra los conservadores, el joven Sandino fue despachado con las manos vacà ­as. Entre las mujeres pà ºblicas de Puerto Cabezas consiguià ³ unos treinta rifles que ellas habà ­an salvado de las aguas del mar, y unos seis mil tiros; remontà © con esa carga el rà ­o Coco, en el norte de la parte oriental del paà ­s, y organizà ³ un pequeà ±o ejà ©rcito en las montaà ±as de Las Segovias. se joven guerrillero se habà ­a dado cuenta de que no habà ­a diferencias fundamentales entre conservadores y liberales: En 1927, tambià ©n, comenzà ³ a sonar otro nombre en Ni- ragua, el de Anastasio Somoza, que en virtud del acuerdo los liberales y conservadores bajo la tutela norteamericana, sà © a ser jefe polà ­tico del departamento de Leà ³n. Se trataba un cargo importante, que tocaba a los liberales. Somoza habà ­a sido conservador, pero su matrimonio con una dama de distinguida familia liberal le habà ­a llevado a esas filas. Era hijo de un conocido conservador de igual nombre, que varias veces fe senador. Al parecer, Somoza heredà ³ de su padre un temperamento ansioso de poder. El hijo fue enviado a estudiar a Granada, primero, y despuà ©s a Filadelfia, donde cursà © ciencias comerciales. Allà ­ aprendià ³ el inglà ©s, que le sirvià ³ para ser intà ©rprete de las fuerzas de ocupacià ³n. Al volver a Nicaragua tratà ³ de establecerse y de hacer algunos negocios, con la ayuda del padre, sin tener buen à ©xito, y entrà ³ en la administracià ³n pà ºblica como funcionario de Rentas, tambià ©n sin alcanzar buen à ©xito. Sus nuevos amigos extranjeros, su parentesco polà ­tico con una familia distinguida y su presencia misma, que era agradable, le abrieron el camino para llegar a jefe polà ­tico del departamento de Leà ³n. Poco despuà ©s, cuando el general Moncada pasà ³ a ser presidente de la Repà ºblica, le designà © su secretario en actividades militares . El presidente tà ­tere Josà © Marà ­a Moncada designà ³ a Anastasio Somoza subsecretario de Relaciones Exteriores, y desde su nuevo cargo Somoza entablà ³ amistad con el anciano ministro de Norteamà ©rica, cuya esposa, una baronesa alemana, quedà ³ fascinada por la simpatà ­a del joven funcionario. Somoza tenà ­a un carà ¡cter festivo y agradable presencia fà ­sica. Su naturaleza psicolà ³qica no se parece a la de Trujillo, que es và ­ctima de numerosos complejos de los cuales surge esa presencia a menudo torva o de untuosa melosidad, siempre falsa y excesiva. Somoza era mà ¡s bien natural, sin tener miedo a la verdad ni a ninguna situacià ³n inesperada; dà ¼ ,, rà ¡pido para el chiste, oportuno, aunque desde luego dado a la vulgaridad tan pronto entraba en confianza. Esa manen e ser, y su tipo latino, le ganaron el favor de la seà ±ora baron Las Segovias, resolvià ³ dejar ese problema en manos nicaragà ¼enses; en vez de soldados suyos, que luchara la Guardia Nacional; si Sandino acababa triunfando que lo hiciera sobre sus compatriotas, no sobre la Infanterà ­a de Marina norteamericana. Asà ­ pues, los invasores se aprestaron a dejar el paà ­s tan pronto como se celebraran elecciones y resultara elegido un nuevo gobernante nicaragà ¼ense. Se convocà ³ a comicios y triunfà © la candidatura liberal de Juan Bautista Sacasa. El nuevo presidente, que debà ­a tomar posesià ³n de su cargo el lo. de enero de 1933, era tà ­o de la seà ±ora De Bayle de Somoza; esto es, tà ­o polà ­tico del favorito de la seà ±ora ministra de Norteamà ©rica. El dà ­a de Aà ±o Nuevo de 1933 tomà ³ posesià ³n de la presidencia Juan Bautista Sacasa. Un mes y un dà ­a despuà ©s, el 2 de febrero, el general Sandino firmaba los convenios de paz. Ya no habà ­a un soldado interventor en tierras de Nicaragua. Lo que quedaba allà ­ era una Guardia Nacional, con su segundo jefe ascendido a jefe director; un jefe nicaragà ¼ense, con menos responsabilidad y menos escrà ºpulos que un nativo de Norteamà ©rica. El hà ©roe de Las Segovias debà ­a sospecharlo, pero el curso de los acontecimientos le exigà ­a ignorarlo. Pues en la historia de Nicaragua à ©l era un parto prematuro, y estaba llamado a ser, por tanto, un mà ¡rtir y no un realizador Habà ­a transcurrido un aà ±o. Empeà ±ado en organizar empresas agrà ­colas y mineras en la zona nordeste de Nicaragua el general Sandino permanecà ­a alejado de las actividades pà ºblicas, rodeado por los veteranos de sus fuerzas y sus familia. res, a quienes querà ­a asociar a los negocios que planeaba. A mediados de febrero a 1934 hizo una visita a Managua. La Guardia Nacional hostilizaba a los sandinistas, exigiendo la entrega de armas que no existà ­an; la intranquilidad agitaba toda la regià ³n, y el hà ©roe querà ­a hallar una fà ³rmula para resolver esa situacià ³n; a la vez, iba en busca de ayuda para sus empresas. Mientras esto ocurrà ­a otro grupo de quince soldados de la Guardia Nacional, al mando del mayor Policarpo Gutià ©rrez y el teniente Federico D. Blanco, rodeaban la casa del ministro Salvatierra. Tanto el grupo que mandaba al mayor Delgadillo como este otro que habà ­a allanado la residencia del ministro Salvatierra, se mantuvieron en constante contacto por medio de enlaces que iban y venà ­an en automà ³vil de un lugar a otro. A esa misma hora Tacho Somoza escuchaba un recital que ofrecà ­a la poetisa peruana Zoila Rosa Cà ¡rdenas en el Campo de Marte, siendo à ©sta la primera vez que un acto de esa naturaleza se llevaba a cabo en aquel lugar. Sandino hizo un à ºltimo esfuerzo, convenciendo al mayor Delgadillo que fuese a ver a Tacho Somoza y -le ‘recordase su reciente amistad, confirmada con el intercambio de fotos en las que se consignaban dedicatorias expresivas y cordiales. El mayor Delgadillo llegà ³ al Campo de Marte y regresà ³ diciendo que no habà ­a podido ver al general Somoza y por ende que era del todo imposible hacerle llegar su mensaje Hasta aquà ­ la prolija exposicià ³n del ex teniente Abelardo Cuadra. Su declaracià ³n coincide con la del padre de Sandino y la del ministro Salvatierra en los detalles anteriores a la ejecjÓfl, pues ambos fueron presos conjuntamente con el general Sandino y sus compaà ±eros. Coincide tambià ©n, en là ­neas generales, con la del presidente de la Cà ¡mara de Diputados de Nicaragua, hecha una semana despuà ©s de los sucesos, và ­a telefà ³nica, al diario La Hora de San Josà © de Costa Rica. Por su posicià ³n, el presidente de la Cà ¡mara debà ­a estar enterado de los hechos; y à ©l comienza su breve pero dramà ¡tico relato dando cuenta de la reunià ³n de Somoza con los oficiales subalternos para levantar un acta en que à ©stos1 segà ºn las palabras de Sandoval, â€Å"se comprometà ­an a ser solidarios en el asesinato que se iba a cometer†. Don Gregorio Sandino, padre del mà ¡rtir, y el ministro Salvatierra, declararon que mientras ellos se hallaban detenidos oyeron los disparos y que el desdichado padre del hà ©roe comentà ³: â€Å"Ya està ¡n matando a Sà ³crates y a los otros†; y un poco mà ¡s tarde, al oir otros disparos mà ¡s lejanos: â€Å"Ya està ¡n matando a Augusto†. El ministro norteamericano debià ³ acudir inmediatamente a evitar el crimen, puesto que la vida de Sandino debà ­a ser preciosa para el prestigio de los Estados Unidos; y ocurre que no lo hizo, sino que se presentà ³ mà ¡s allà ¡ de media noche en el cuartel donde se hallaban presos don Gregorio Sandino y el ministro Salvatierra. Por otra parte,  ¿quià ©n le dijo que se encontraban allà ­, siendo que ni el propio presidente Sacasa lo sabia?. Sà ³lo una persona: Anastasio Somoza Un anà ¡lisis elemental nos conduce, por de pronto, a esta conclusià ³n: el ministro Bliss Lane supo, inmediatamente despuà ©s de consumados los hechos, por boca de Somoza, que Sandino y sus compaà ±eros habà ­an sido asesinados. Ahora bien,  ¿supo que iba a producirse ese escandaloso crimen antes de que ocurriera?;  ¿lo supo despuà ©s, porque à ©l indagà ³ o porque Somoza fue a informarle?. Cuando Somoza dijo a los oficiales reunidos en su residencia, a las siete y media de la noche, que llegaba de la Legacià ³n americana y que en una conf rencia con el ministro à ©ste le habà ­a asegurado que â€Å"el gobierno de Washington respalda y recomà ­enda la eliminacià ³n de Augusto Cà ©sar Sandino†,  ¿estaba diciendo la verdad o estaba sà ³lo presionando a sus subalternos con la noticia de que el asesinato era una orden de Washington?. Y si dijo la verdad, La Guardia Nacional de Nicaragua fue adiestrada para matar a Sandino y a sus hombres; se le adiestrà © material y là ³gicamente. Somoza, como Trujillo, a